| Pulmonary edema | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Pulmonary oedema |
 | |
| Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sides. | |
| Specialty | Cardiology, critical care medicine |
| Symptoms | Shortness of breath, lung crackles, pink frothy sputum[1] |
| Complications | Respiratory failure[1] |
| Types | Cadiogenic, non-cardiogenic[1] |
| Causes | Cardiogenic: Heart attack, myocarditis, valvular heart disease, heart arrythmias[1] Non-cardiogenic: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, pancreatitis, multiple blood transfusions[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Supported by lab tests and medical imaging[1] |
| Treatment | Cardiogenic: Furosemide, nitroglycerin, non-invasive ventilation[2] Non-cardiogenic: Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation[3] |
| Frequency | Relatively common[4] |
Pulmonary edema is fluid accumulation in the tissue and air spaces of the lungs.[1] Symptoms may include shortness of breath, lung crackles, and pink frothy sputum.[1] Complications may include respiratory failure.[1]
It may occur due to heart failure (cardiogenic) or injury to the lung tissue (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema).[1] Heart failure may occur due to a heart attack, myocarditis, valvular heart disease, or heart arrythmias.[1] Lung injury may been seen with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and result from pneumonia, pancreatitis, or multiple blood transfusions.[1] The underlying mechanism involves impaired gas exchange.[1] Diagnosis may be supported by lab tests and medical imaging.[1]
Treatment is focused on improving symptoms and addressing the underlying cause.[1] Additional efforts in cardiogenic pulmonary edema may involve diuretics such as furosemide, efforts to decrease afterload such as nitroglycerin, and non-invasive ventilation.[2] Additional efforts in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema involves supportive care such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation.[3]
Pulmonary edema is relatively common.[4] Cardiogenic cases affects more than a million people a year in the United States while non-cardiogenic cases affect about 190,000.[1] The risk of death when hospitalized has decreased from 60% in 1970s to 30% in the 1990s.[1] Pulmonary edema has been described since at least the time of Hippocrates around 400 BC.[5] The term edema is from the Greek οἴδημα (oídēma) meaning "swelling".[6]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Malek, R; Soufi, S (January 2020). "Pulmonary Edema". PMID 32491543.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Dobbe, L; Rahman, R; Elmassry, M; Paz, P; Nugent, K (December 2019). "Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema". The American journal of the medical sciences. 358 (6): 389–397. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2019.09.011. PMID 31813466.
- ^ a b Clark, SB; Soos, MP (January 2020). "Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema". PMID 31194387.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Medical Terminology Made Incredibly Easy!. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-7817-8845-8. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ Gallin, John I.; Ognibene, Frederick P. (2012). Principles and Practice of Clinical Research. Academic Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-12-382168-3. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
- ^ Boron, Walter F.; Boulpaep, Emile L. (2012). Medical Physiology, 2e Updated Edition E-Book: with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 493. ISBN 978-1-4557-1181-9. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-02-23.