| Fibromyalgia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) |
 | |
| The location of the nine paired tender points that constitute the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, rheumatology, neurology[2] |
| Symptoms | Widespread pain, feeling tired, sleep problems[3][4] |
| Usual onset | Middle age[5] |
| Duration | Long term[3] |
| Causes | Unknown[4][5] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms after ruling out other potential causes[4][5] |
| Differential diagnosis | Polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, thyroid disease[6] |
| Treatment | Sufficient sleep and exercise, healthy diet[5] |
| Medication | Duloxetine, milnacipran, pregabalin, gabapentin[5][7] |
| Prognosis | Normal life expectancy[5] |
| Frequency | 2–8%[4] |
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterized by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure.[3] Other symptoms include tiredness to a degree that normal activities are affected, sleep problems and troubles with memory.[4] Some people also report restless legs syndrome, bowel or bladder problems, numbness and tingling and sensitivity to noise, lights or temperature.[5] Fibromyalgia is frequently associated with depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder.[4] Other types of chronic pain are also frequently present.[4]
The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, however, it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[4][5] The condition runs in families and many genes are believed to be involved.[8] Environmental factors may include psychological stress, trauma and certain infections.[4] The pain appears to result from processes in the central nervous system and the condition is referred to as a "central sensitization syndrome".[3][4] Fibromyalgia is recognized as a disorder by the US National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology.[5][9] There is no specific diagnostic test.[5] Diagnosis involves first ruling out other potential causes and verifying that a set number of symptoms are present.[4][5]
The treatment of fibromyalgia can be difficult.[5] Recommendations often include getting enough sleep, exercising regularly, and eating a healthy diet.[5] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may also be helpful.[4][10] The medications duloxetine, milnacipran or pregabalin may be used.[5] Use of opioid pain medication is controversial, with some stating their usefulness is poorly supported by evidence[5][11] and others saying that weak opioids may be reasonable if other medications are not effective.[12] Dietary supplements lack evidence to support their use.[5] While fibromyalgia can last a long time, it does not result in death or tissue damage.[5]
Fibromyalgia is estimated to affect 2–8% of the population.[4] Women are affected about twice as often as men.[4] Rates appear similar in different areas of the world and among different cultures.[4] Fibromyalgia was first defined in 1990, with updated criteria in 2011.[4] There is controversy about the classification, diagnosis and treatment of fibromyalgia.[13][14] While some feel the diagnosis of fibromyalgia may negatively affect a person, other research finds it to be beneficial.[4] The term "fibromyalgia" is from New Latin fibro-, meaning "fibrous tissues", Greek μυώ myo-, "muscle", and Greek άλγος algos, "pain"; thus, the term literally means "muscle and fibrous connective tissue pain".[15]
References edit
- ^ "fibromyalgia". Collins Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ "Neurology Now: Fibromyalgia: Is Fibromyalgia Real? | American Academy of Neurology". tools.aan.com. October 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2018.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d Ngian GS, Guymer EK, Littlejohn GO (February 2011). "The use of opioids in fibromyalgia". Int J Rheum Dis. 14 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1111/j.1756-185X.2010.01567.x. PMID 21303476.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Clauw, Daniel J. (16 April 2014). "Fibromyalgia". JAMA. 311 (15): 1547–55. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3266. PMID 24737367. S2CID 43693607.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Questions and Answers about Fibromyalgia". NIAMS. July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter F. ISBN 978-0323076999.
- ^ Cooper, TE; Derry, S; Wiffen, PJ; Moore, RA (3 January 2017). "Gabapentin for fibromyalgia pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1: CD012188. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012188.pub2. PMC 6465053. PMID 28045473.
- ^ Buskila D, Sarzi-Puttini P (2006). "Biology and therapy of fibromyalgia. Genetic aspects of fibromyalgia syndrome". Arthritis Research & Therapy. 8 (5): 218. doi:10.1186/ar2005. PMC 1779444. PMID 16887010.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Fibromyalgia". American College of Rheumatology. May 2015. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ Mascarenhas, Rodrigo Oliveira; Souza, Mateus Bastos; Oliveira, Murilo Xavier; Lacerda, Ana Cristina; Mendonça, Vanessa Amaral; Henschke, Nicholas; Oliveira, Vinícius Cunha (26 October 2020). "Association of Therapies With Reduced Pain and Improved Quality of Life in Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5651.
- ^ Goldenberg, DL; Clauw, DJ; Palmer, RE; Clair, AG (May 2016). "Opioid Use in Fibromyalgia: A Cautionary Tale". Mayo Clinic Proceedings (Review). 91 (5): 640–8. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.02.002. PMID 26975749. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- ^ Sumpton, JE; Moulin, DE (2014). Fibromyalgia. Vol. 119. pp. 513–27. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-4086-3.00033-3. ISBN 9780702040863. PMID 24365316.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Häuser W, Eich W, Herrmann M, Nutzinger DO, Schiltenwolf M, Henningsen P (June 2009). "Fibromyalgia syndrome: classification, diagnosis, and treatment". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 106 (23): 383–91. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0383. PMC 2712241. PMID 19623319.
- ^ Wang, SM; Han, C; Lee, SJ; Patkar, AA; Masand, PS; Pae, CU (June 2015). "Fibromyalgia diagnosis: a review of the past, present and future". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 15 (6): 667–79. doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1046841. PMID 26035624.
- ^ Bergmann, Uri (2012). Neurobiological foundations for EMDR practice. New York, NY: Springer Pub. Co. p. 165. ISBN 9780826109385.