Wikipedia

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Carbamazepine

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Not to be confused with Carbamazine.
Mr. Ibrahem/Carbamazepine
Clinical data
Trade namesTegretol, Temporol, Neurotol, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682237
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classAnticonvulsant[1]
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~100%[2]
Protein binding70-80%[2]
MetabolismLiver—by CYP3A4, to active epoxide form (carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide)[2]
Elimination half-life36 hours (single dose), 16-24 hours (repeated dosing)[2]
ExcretionUrine (72%), feces (28%)[2]
Identifiers
  • 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H12N2O
Molar mass236.274 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • c1ccc2c(c1)C=Cc3ccccc3N2C(=O)N
  • InChI=1S/C15H12N2O/c16-15(18)17-13-7-3-1-5-11(13)9-10-12-6-2-4-8-14(12)17/h1-10H,(H2,16,18) checkY
  • Key:FFGPTBGBLSHEPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the trade name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.[1] It is used in schizophrenia along with other medications and as a second-line agent in bipolar disorder.[4][1] Carbamazepine appears to work as well as phenytoin and valproate for focal and generalized seizures.[5] It is not effective for absence or myoclonic seizures.[1]

Common side effects include nausea and drowsiness.[1] Serious side effects may include skin rashes, decreased bone marrow function, suicidal thoughts, or confusion.[1] It should not be used in those with a history of bone marrow problems.[1] Use during pregnancy may cause harm to the baby; however, stopping the medication in pregnant women with seizures is not recommended.[1] Its use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[1] Care should be taken in those with either kidney or liver problems.[1]

Carbamazepine was discovered in 1953 by Swiss chemist Walter Schindler.[6][7] It was first marketed in 1962.[8] It is available as a generic medication, and none of the forms are expensive.[9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.07 to US$0.24 per day as of 2015.[11] In 2017, it was the 176th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[12][13]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Carbamazepine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Carbamazepine Drug Label". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference who was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Weston J, Tudur Smith C (August 2018). "Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8: CD001769. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001769.pub4. PMC 6513104. PMID 30091458.
  5. ^ Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C (July 2019). "Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD001911. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001911.pub4. PMC 6637502. PMID 31318037.
  6. ^ Smith, Howard S. (2009). Current therapy in pain. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 460. ISBN 9781416048367. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  7. ^ US patent 2948718, Walter Schindler, "New n-heterocyclic compounds", published 1960-08-09, issued 1960-08-09, assigned to Geigy Chemical Corporation 
  8. ^ Moshé, Solomon (2009). The treatment of epilepsy (3 ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. xxix. ISBN 9781444316674. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  9. ^ Hitchings, Andrew; Lonsdale, Dagan; Burrage, Daniel; Baker, Emma (2019). The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-7020-7442-4. Archived from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.
  10. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. ^ "Carbamazepine". International Medical Products Price Guide. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  12. ^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Carbamazepine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
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