User:Mitonsystems/Sandbox

mitonSystems is a Modern Physics hypothesis that attempts to explain the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Theory in terms of the thermodynamics of expanding clouds. It emphasizes Quantum Gravity.
Alias: Quantum Particle Cloud Dynamics

If you study Gravitation you come to the conclusion that nobody knows how the act takes place. We can measure with precision how much gravitational force is applied. But we have no clue as to how masses are propelled together. Action-at-a-distance is a fundamental mystery as applied to gravitation and electrodynamics. There is no physical theory or hypothisis to date (2012-01-28) to explain the act. String Theory is only a mathematical model that so far fails to explain anything. The graviton, a gravitational-force boson, fails to explain one of the prominent failings in Modern Physics; the Laws of Motion emphasize for every action there is an equal (re)action. You cannot pull an object. You can only push it.

Theorists reject out-of-hand any hypothesis that fails to correspond to a quote in a book or a personal project. Quantum Theory is failing. Modeling has hit walls that are not navigable. This simply means that these theorists need to compromise.

mitonSystems was started to restart Modern Physics with the information that is available now.

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The Universe and all constituent galaxies and elementary particles endure a thermodynamic expansion. But this is not what we see.

In an expanding cloud of particles, where each particle is itself an expanding cloud, how would these lesser clouds perceive each other? This is the perspective through which we see.

As we look far out into space we perceive or can interpret the Universe to be a gaseous cloud of particles called galaxies. Close up galaxies become gaseous clouds of particles called stars. Close up stars become clouds of subatomic particles.

There are no true solids in the Universe, only clouds. Every cloud is composed of many smaller clouds.

The perception of the Universe very much suggests a gas enduring a thermodynamic expansion and experiencing fluid activity. mitonSystems is an attempt to describe in super-fine detail how a mass evolves, the consequences of interaction, and how perception alters that interaction.

Simplest Gas

Matter, and to be within the same measure and character, must be considered equal parts from a whole. But if a whole were true, it was indivisible, in-constituent. How then could parts be made? Matter is a paradox. For now we will work with the basic idea of matter and ignore the paradox.

It is easy enough to conceive of the truest void of space, were it to be contained in a bubble, tools available without, providing the measures of space and time.

Place a great but finite number of matter particles of equal radius into the void. This volume contains particles of truest solidity. These particles are neither elastic nor plastic, as these require constituency. But they can be considered effectively perfectly elastic.

The stage is set, with no motion - another paradox.

Stick a finger in and move one particle.

The one moving particle will continue to move in a straight line until it hits another or the void boundary. If the latter, allow the particle to rebound off the concave surface appropriately. In any collision there is no heat as this requires particles constituency.

When the particle hits another, angle of incidence and speed will cause the first particle to change direction and speed. The second particle will begin moving in some direction and with the fraction of speed culled from the first. As particles move, eventually, inevitably, every particle in the volume will be struck and come to motion. The distribution of speeds and vectors equal that of the first particle.

Over a great time every particle will come to move in an apparent random direction. Their distances still average out the same. Their speeds will be low. They are collectively gas now. Any action against a volume of gas will equal results from any other volume under like action.

We now have a medium through which to begin.

Expansion

Temperature is the measure of the amount of kinetic activity a measured amount of matter is experiencing. Kinetic activity represents pressures exerted by impacts due to motion. The greater the number of particles and/or the faster they move, the greater the temperature.

A contracting volume of gas will have more particles per volume per moment and the collisions in greater number. The temperature increases as the volume contracts. It will decrease as the volume expands.

In nature a cloud of tightly packed and inert matter cannot simply explode to create an expanding volume. There must exist a container around a volume of matter where the matter roils with activity. When the container recedes or otherwise diminishes, the constituents already moving outwards will continue. Others may finally become deflected into the negative pressure areas.

For simplicity we will observe a simple gas, that the gas responds simply to an instantly missing boundary.

When the boundary of a volume of gas ceases, the outermost particles, those heading outwards already, continue outwards. The particles just inside those outermost particles experience ever-fewer collisions now from outside than inside. These begin heading outwards. And this happens from the outermost particle to the innermost over time. All particles have greater space to separate to and so collide at a lower rate. All particles begin migrating outwards to fill the opened space.

Outermost particles experience fewer collisions that turn them back towards center. And occasionally they experience collisions from behind that add to their outward-bound speeds. This process produces an acceleration of the outermost particles that translates its way inwards. Eventually, the whole volume of gas begins expanding at an accelerated rate, that rate variably from outside to inside. As the distance between particles increases, their chance for collision decreases, decreasing the contribution of added outward-bound speeds. This means that though an expanding cloud expands at an accelerated rate, that rate diminishes. (Even acceleration has a rate of change.)

If a cloud of gas suddenly loses its effective outer-confining boundary, that cloud will begin expanding and do so at an accelerated rate. The cloud can never simply expand at a single rate and can never 'decelerate'.

An expanding cloud is the very essence of the nature of entropy. The cloud naturally seeks a condition of averaged motion, least resistance, and lowest potential energy.

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In a decompressing simple gas there will exist incidental density differences in the medium. The greater density regions may restrict particles of the region from experiencing optimal expansion. Unhindered particles around this region may collide and become deflected into a common direction. This creates gas flows, streamlines. These flows will experience another in-common hindrance, now creating a definable turbulence. Turbulence creates vortices.

Turbulence

Fluid dynamics is the description of coherent displacements of a body of matter. Gas, liquids, and plasma can be fluid. Solids are effectively solid. In a fluid many components share a common speed and direction and so move coherently.

The picture of a volume of simple gas contains particles moving in effective random directions and speeds. Here, there are no fluid motions. That is, there are no little volumes where components move in the same direction, with the same speed, where they share coherent movement.

To create fluid motion in a gas, a volume of it must expand, contract, or otherwise distort.

When particles in a gas collide with each other or any effective surface, they push. The more numerous the particles and/or the faster they move, the more powerfully they push when colliding. If any volume of gas contains particles in greater number and/or speed than another, the first volume can create a greater sum pressure against the second. It will push against and propel the surface of the second away.

The initiation of fluid flow can be demonstrated in how raindrops create a wind between a cloud and the ground.

When raindrops begin falling from the clouds the elastic molecules they strike are mostly flexed and deflected sideways and a little downwards. The stricken molecules displace downwards a short distance where unaffected molecules resist their passage and elastically slow motion. As drops continue to fall, ever-more molecules are impacted and caused to move downwards. The downward-directed deflections of the molecules are in a range of angles and speeds. In the chaos of collisions order begins evolving where more molecules begin moving downwards than in other directions. As molecules glance off each other and flex, they help average out their downward direction and speeds.

Any coherent movement of matter is considered a fluid flow. Raindrops create deflections and drag against the air such that the air begins moving along in the same direction. A fluid flow is created. When the coherency is such that the velocity is fixed at some point in space, streamline, and possibly laminar flow is demonstrated.

Any disturbance created in a fluid flow by an obstruction creates a turbulent flow. The obstruction can be an effective static wall of matter or another volume of fluid, creating a fluid front and boundary.

Imagine a good laminar flow of water running down a river. All top parts of it flow smoothly down a gentle slope. There is a large rock downstream in the center of flow. As water collides with the rock it slows down but makes its way around it. The further away the water is from the rock the less affected it is by the rock, the faster it will flow. The slower flow does not create as much lateral pressure as does a faster flow. So the faster flowing water pushes sideways against the slower and deflects it. This causes the slow water to curve back behind the rock as it passes the rock to continue downstream.

The slowed water can be bent back into normal position to continue the downstream flow. The greater the water has been slowed, the harder it is to bend it back on the downstream side of the rock. If slowed enough the outside edge of the curve will not be able to speed the slow flow back up and so must continue past. This edge then contributes to deflecting the slow out of the way. The slower part of the flow has little place to go so gets turned in place. This begins a turbulence.

If in the parcel under consideration the curl of the flow remains less than a complete circle it is still streamline/laminar. If the flow closes into a circle the whole parcel is considered turbulent.

Organized Mass/vortices

A vortex is a whirling flow or system confined and bound by a region that does not rotate with it. vortices can come in cylinder/conic or spheroidal shapes. vortices experiencing typical contoured fronts create the spheroidal vortices of our discussion.

Vortices can be forced to contract. As long as the components of a vortex have space to deflect towards center it will remain stable.

An expanding vortex only remains a vortex if it does not expand too quickly. Any inner-more components of a vortex are still bumping against any outer-more. These incidental collisions help regulate a particle's direction and speed and contribute to collectively bumping the particles into a circle. Were the outermost particles to suddenly be allowed to continue outwards, the inner-more particles would cease to be corralled. They too would become bumped away from the body of the vortex and lost as an effective part of it.

This rout of the outermost particles to a vortex represents the decay, the dissolution of it. This vortex is unstable and will dissolve away. An expanding vortex will remain relatively stable as long as it can continue to expand and the loss of boundary particles is slow.

Should several vortices incidentally rotate about a common center, perhaps by being deflected by a neighboring front, they will themselves begin moving coherently. All the conditions for creating vortices in a simple gas also apply here. But instead of particles being caused to move coherently, vortices are. And so, vortices will themselves contribute to becoming the components of a larger vortex.

This new level of organized matter is no longer a simple gas. And larger vortices are allowed to contribute to the creation of ever-larger vortices, or mass-levels.

Galaxies are vortices. They are nested vortices, mass-levels, to galactic clusters. And galactic clusters are nested mass-levels to galactic super-clusters.

A volume of gas that has come to create fluid currents and vortices, and is contracting or expanding will come to be filled with many. They will be of many sizes, shapes, and velocities.

Once these elements are created they will continue to evolve into each other. And all the while a bit of order evolves that begins to create ever-larger vortices, mass-levels, groups out of smaller groups.

Let's consider a great volume of gas that has been in motion for a good time. There have developed observable vortices in the gas. Now, this gas is too fine-grained to see the constituents individually. What would be seen are small volumes dense enough to present themselves as tiny clouds or effective particles, as they would seem particle-like.

We know these particles to be clouds so we magnify a bit until details present themselves. We begin to see the components that make up these little particles, these mass-level vortices. Now, even these components look very particle-like. Their own composition is not apparent. For all intents and purposes these objects are particles.

We happen to know the true size of the most elementary particles. So we know that what we observe is not them. So we magnify a bit until details present themselves. We begin to see the components that make up these objects, or level-2 mass-levels. Again, these components look very particle-like. Their own composition is not apparent. For all intents and purposes these objects are particles.

This process may go on for a number of levels. But they are ever-slower to evolve.

Expanding vortices

Vortices are composed of the gas originally trying to expand. So too then do vortices expand. A volume of expanding gas would contain expanding vortices. Eventually elementary vortices become parts of ever-larger. Each vortex expands. The larger vortices would measure their expansion rates by the recession velocities of the outermost average constituent vortices from their center.

The easiest way to picture the expansion of a vortex may be that of a very large balloon containing a few hundred smaller balloons. In a decompression chamber, where the pressure drops from around the large balloon, the pressures within the smaller balloons detect the negative-pressures and begin expanding. Their boundaries cannot cross each other as each attempts to expand from its center-point. Each balloon pushes against its neighbor as it expands. The sum expansion of these little balloons and their pushing each other away is how the large balloon its expansion rate and how the little balloons get their recession velocities from each other.

Otherwise, image baking a white cake. Mix evenly in little chocolate dough-balls. While baking, the whole cake expands at one rate. The chocolate balls expand at some greater rate.

An expanding cloud expands specifically because there is more room to separate to and not because its components collide against each other. For example, a cloud, for some short time, has particles in motion and with no collisions. Particles are still moving away from the center of the cloud. The cloud is still expanding.

The expanding gas creates pressures between two masses to propel them apart. Because masses are concentrated clouds of gas themselves, much of the free gas simply travels through them. The greater the mass, the greater the interaction but the harder it is to be moved. There are more impacts but the small mass of gas particles of an expanding medium takes longer to move against orders-of-magnitude greater masses of condensed cloud gas. Free gas cannot propel masses apart as fast as it can itself separate.

Compression Gravitation

Seemingly, the more expanding gas there is around any two masses than there is between, the stronger those masses will be pushed together. In reality, the force is adjusted down according to the recession velocity of the gas. This means that the strength decreases near the inverse square of the distance between the masses. This concept of compelling matter together through compression is called compression-gravitation.

Normally, for compression-gravitation, the particles/masses in a contracting cloud of gas would be pushed together. The force of the compression depends on the masses and the ability of the gas outside the masses to provide greater friction than the gas between. The expanding clouds use the same principle at short distance.

The expanding gas between masses attempts to propel masses apart while compression-gravitation attempts to propel masses together. Compression-gravitation dominates when distances between mass centers is short.

Spin

A toy top spins along its symmetry axis when first started, it primary axis. As it slows down, the axis begins to move into circles that grow progressively larger. The primary axis begins straight up and down. But as the top experiences frictions it slows down and loses balance. It attempts to fall down. The top begins gyro-scoping, and with enough speed for force, keeps its balance. It is the primary axis that begins tilting and rotating around into a circle, precessing. The center of the circle, the precession axis, evolves into and represents the secondary axis.

Without a surface for the primary axis to pivot on, a vortic disc will tumble through its center-of-mass.

Imagine the perspective where you are positioned in synchronous orbit at the rotation-plane of a sphere and the primary symmetry axis is aligned vertically. From this perspective is the sphere-in-static-view. Where the vortex would normally tumble, from the sphere-in-static-view, all else but the vortex would tumble. (We on the surface of Earth perceive it in static view.)

Tumble Plane

In a static view torsion acts between the hemispheres of a vortic cloud and each will spin at different rates. Differential hemispheric spin is normal for all spinning spheroidal clouds (like the Earth). This is most apparent with galaxies. It is the torsion experienced by matter in the galactic plane, where, as a galaxy tumbles into a new orientation, matter must now gravitate along that orientation. As the galaxy spins, matter gets shaken back and forth, nearly into the same path. This creates density-waves; an oscillatory pressure that creates matter concentration ripples, like sand ripples under a surging coastal water-line.

Spheroidal clouds in nature spin on two obvious axis. Any secondary axis will cause the primary to wobble. A Tumble-Plane represents a perpendicular plane across a cloud's primary axis where the secondary intersects it. It represents a possible division in a cloud's angular velocity caused by the secondary axis.

Angular velocities between tumble-plane hemispheres can range greatly.

A tumble-plane may not lie at the rotation-plane if a vortex tumbles. Generally, through a tumble, a primary axis may precess at changing rates. A top-heavy sphere, made physically or through asymmetric gyro-scoping, will precess variably. It may no longer tumble exactly through its center-of-mass and it resonates every x number of spins. A tumble-plane can shift along the primary axis stem.

Correcting Our Perspective

Viewing the Universe from a classical standpoint it appears to be a volume of gas. This is reasonable because of the way galaxies look and spin. Galaxies are simple three-dimensional vortices. They could only be created out of a gas, whether we detect the gas or not. Galaxies become components of greater vortices. Every aspect of our Universe presents the appearance and overwhelming circumstantial evidences of a thermodynamic gas experiencing fluid flow.

An expanding universe made of gas should have galaxies that expand. Ours for a fact do not. In fact, only the Universe seems to expand.

The easiest way to solve problems like this is to create an experimental universe, a computer model. We fill it with simple gas, create motion, and drop its confinement boundary. As described in previous sections, flows are created, streamlines, whirls, and vortices. Vortices group and become larger vortices. Everything expands, fast!

Now consider the idea that all mass; collections of matter, are expanding. If we did not know we expanded we would only see static volumes. This is what we see in the Universe. What we do now is run the data from the experiment again. But this time we pick one vortex as our visual point of reference. We will view the universe as it does, expanding with it.

Immediately the view of the universe is drastically different. In fact it looks exactly like our Universe.

Generic formula for converting an absolute perspective to relative:

AtoR Equation:

d_rel = v_r(d_abs - 2(r_f - r_i)), where

 vr is the recession velocity,
 r is the radius of an expanding cloud,
 rf - ri is the expansion velocity of a cloud

Gravitation by Expansion

Imagine a water puddle where two pebbles are dropped in at the same time and at some distance apart. You would see expanding rings meet then cross. If you were to expand at the same rate as those rings you would not see their expansion. Their whole areas would then seem to magically gravitate.

Remember, a vortic cloud in an expanding system will itself expand. When multiple vortices exist they will expand such that their surfaces get closer together. As the volume that contains them expands they will separate center-to-center.

If any two vortices expand surface-to-surface faster than they recede center-to-center they do get physically closer.

Gravitation by Expansion is the perception between vortic clouds when recession velocities between them are slower than their sum expansion velocities - when their surfaces expand together faster than their centers can move apart.

In our observation of the local Universe we see galaxies gravitating together. When we look further into space/time we see that galaxies neither gravitate nor recede. Looking further, galaxies begin separating, receding. And they separate faster the further you look. We know by a synthesis of measuring tools and their results that the Universe is expanding. We know that to a certain distance the act of gravitation dominates over the forces causing separation, even regardless of red-shift. We see this domination weaken over greater distance until it is lost to recession. This phenomenon is not introduced in cosmology perhaps because it is too vague to describe. But it is recognized when noted.

 writer's note: I have yet to read about this phenomenon though its components
are distributed through the facets of astrophysics. I call this the Gravitation-Radius Phenomena.
It must be accounted for in cosmological modeling.

The expansion of the Universe is the perception between vortic clouds when recession velocities between them become faster than their sum expansion velocities - when their surfaces expand together slower than their centers can move apart.

The expansion velocities of vortic clouds are very tiny compared to the possible recession velocities between those same clouds. The perception of gravitation is only a localized phenomenon.

This is not enough to describe the whole act of gravitation. Right now the act is by perception alone. Gravitation also requires the physical deflection of matter.

Gravitational Force

Imagine two vortic clouds at some distance side-by-side, and moving forward at some same speed. They have the same volumes, significantly different masses. And they expand at the same rate. Relativistically, they appear to gravitate. Matter needs to arc around each other like in solar orbits. The two test clouds can only get closer. Their centers never change distance.

Compression-Gravitation overlays Gravitation by Expansion to complete the visual and physical act of gravitation. They are actually different aspects of the same phenomena.

Gravitation Radius / Perception

The distance from one mass where the recession velocity between it and another equals their sum expansion velocities is called gravitation-radius. It is the radius at which a vortex or mass-level cloud becomes geometrically restricted in size. The gravitation-radius governs a maximum possible radius of a mass-level. The volume can contain any possible mass.

Energy

A mass, because of the specific amount of matter it contains, moving at the speed of light, represents the maximum possible momentum that mass can have. It represents the maximum amount of work that momentum can produce. Momentum is the current work accomplished towards the maximum possible a mass can represent.

Energy is the potential for work by a system. It is limited by the momentum of a system. It is the measure of work accomplished acquiring a system's momentum. It is the measure of the work it can accomplish should it convert a system's momentum to zero.

How energy is described, such as kinetic or potential, represents the work-type the energy will be used for. Chemical Energy (PE) represents a mass whose components have the potential to provide a specific amount of momentum when called upon or can move. Momentum and inertia are proportional to each other. Exhausted chemical-energy exists as having depleted momentum from its perspective/work-type and having acquired momentum into another perspective/work-type like kinetic.

Mass physically applies itself through momentum and inertia. Momentum is the work done, the energy expended, in getting to, or attempting to get to, the speed of light. Energy can be defined as the momentum-part of a mass available for work. Energy is conserved singularly because momentum is.

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Between galaxies, stars, and elementary particles, exists a gas that forces the Universe and all nested component mass-levels to expand.

Virtual Particles

It is understood in quantum theory that matter can be spontaneously created from the 'vacuum' of space, virtual particles.

Imagine the choppy surface of water, such as from a sea. Transverse waves crisscross such that the wave structures may or may not be obvious. Where the waves merge they superimpose and grow in amplitude, height. Given the cohesiveness of the water and the force propelling the wave height, water drops may become ejected into the air above the wave. Then the drops return to the water, are absorbed, and lost.

As water droplets can be created above a choppy water surface, spontaneous condensations of mass are possible through the longitudinal wave superimpositions inside the medium of a gas. Conditions may exist for the stability of that mass. For example, if there is too much water vapor in the air, that vapor will be forced to condensate into micro-hydrometeors. As the air 'dries', the temperature increases, the pressure drops, water droplets evaporate into water vapor to maintain a vapor pressure in the air.

Imagine a billiard's table packed full of balls. Not one more will fit. Push one side of the pile and a ball someplace will pop up above the rest. Take the pressure away and the table reclaims the mass. This represents spontaneous mass. This is how virtual particles can come to be and must go out again.

The amount of matter in the Universe is conserved because it started with a limited supply. If a mass is destroyed, the matter of it was not. A pressure will come to exist that will allow the next virtual particle to be saved. If we create mass, a vacuum is created that forces or accepts the decay someplace else of other masses. All that is happening is matter is being re-allocated to different masses. Subatomic particles are not conserved. The amount of matter that makes up their proportions is.

*A glob of virtual mass cannot simply become an electron. That mass must contain the right properties first. It must spin right, dissolve away excess mass. It must be induced.

High-energy particle collisions provide the condensations of energy/matter, with the suggestion of spin in the decomposition of dying particles. The properties going into particles, like quantum numbers, are the same as what comes out. The difference is in the type of particles.

Why the Speed of Light is Constant

Gas, such as the air we breathe, exists as a three-dimensional elastic medium. The components of this medium can only translate through fluid flow or asymmetric longitudinal wave series. Organized mass can plow through this medium according to how much momentum is given it. It will move until the momentum is exhausted as kinetic energy because of the collision frictions of the medium, slowing the mass to a stop.

To an organized mass like an electron, the medium that is the vacuum of space has a viscosity comparable to a weak elastic gas. Even as a weak gas, masses passing through would quickly slow to a stop - but for one thing. The gas is decompressing.

If you decompress a gas at a very specific rate, a mass passing through will conserve speed. And because of that rate masses cannot be propelled beyond a certain speed.

Faster decompression rates would result in ever-faster speeds for every generation of emission. Decompressing a gas below a specific rate would result in ever-slower speeds for every generation of emission. And the constant negative acceleration of every mass.

Because the speed of light is the same now as it was billions of years ago (to our perception), that very specific rate is met.

Photons very probably are created with excess of light speed. But they experience friction and are immediately slowed down to light.

Inertia

Components of a vortic mass are influenced by the gas passing through and around such that their alignments will be altered. Imagine a cloud of tiny magnetic fields or weather vanes. At some set speed the gas passing through this cloud would align the vanes to some degree. As this cloud is compelled to change direction or accelerate, energy must be used to alter vane direction. It takes time to influence the alignments of a mass' components. Masses experience a resistance to move, inertia, until its vanes begin realigning or are optimized.

Mass Limit

The act of gravitation allows an expanding, dissolving vortex on an absolute perspective to remain stable on a relative perspective. Gravitation allows a cloud to build a mass. If the vortex has a great enough spin, centrifugal forces can pass gravitational and cause cloud mass to be ejected. There exists a gravitation-radius where centrifugal and gravitational forces are equal.

The frictions between the components of a vortex may limit its density. Under these conditions a balance will exist where a cloud may only contain a maximum mass, a gravitational-potential mass. Any further injection of matter will cause the cloud to expand. This expansion places matter beyond the gravitation radius where it is centrifugally ejected. This may be the state of elementary particles.

Electron Shells

Baryons and leptons are subatomic particles that spin on multiple axis. Lepton tumble-planes lie close to their center and near-parallel to their rotation-plane. Leptons resonate weakly. Baryons resonate strongly given the asymmetry of their core mass. This resonance causes the components of their medium to oscillate back and forth, such that they generate concentric standing waves. This is liken to the layers of an onion. Electrons get stuck between the standing waves of baryons until their energy exceeds that of the specific shell containing them.

For simplicity let's say that subatomic particles are actually clouds of micro-subatomic particles - mitons.

Electromagnetic Force

Baryons and leptons tumble. They have asymmetric spin. These particles create frictions between each other, rubbing until they orient to best accommodate the spin configurations present. Adding mass to a particle increases its radius and friction for only a moment. If between two masses the friction is weak, gravitation forces them together. Increase the friction and the particles separate to a distance where gravitational forces are negligible. These particles can easily push each other. Greater friction can be such that gravitation becomes nonexistent and the particles greatly repel.

Particle Wave Duality

For mitonSystems, given the cloud nature of subatomic particles, it is not difficult to conceive of those particles containing a resonating frequency corresponding to its energy in an electromagnetic wave. Subatomic particles only act as particles when prohibiting super-positions of their core mass. The radius of a subatomic particle, as it is popularly measured, corresponds to the density and radius needed to prohibit super-positions of their core.

For mitonSystems, a subatomic particle radius is severely under-measured. What is considered the field is the upper medium of the particle. This medium is thin enough, therefore not critically frictional, to allow super-positioning. The radius of a subatomic particle may be the gravitation-radius of that mass-level.

The medium of subatomic particles moves with the particle because the particles have 'trained' them how to move. Subatomic particles are vortices. Even super-positioned, this medium will only lose control of constituent paths when rare collisions take place. Collisions between the components of a medium allow those components to coral and gravitationally regulate their own paths. This is easy to see in colliding/pass-through galaxies, where many component orbital paths only flex in passing.

Electromagnetic Force Strength

confidence: 10%

Popularly, the electromagnetic force EMF is ~ 40 times stronger than the gravitational force GF. For mitonSystems, the EMF is based on the GF.

Opposite electric charges 'attract'. This is because of the lack of EMF (friction) and nearly pure GF. The EMF friction needed to create a 'neutral' charge is ~ 40 time stronger than gravity. The friction must be ~ 80 times greater than gravity to offset gravity and apply comparable force in the opposite direction.

This friction is not provided by particle spin. Ortho- and parapositronium demonstrate repulsion enhancing only.

Strong Force

A hadron is composed of quarks whose thin upper medium (field) is allowed to superimpose on each other. As subatomic particles get closer their resonating field, or lack of, regulates the distance they can move to. Their concentric layers begin superimposing. When the mass of a superimposed wave segment becomes great enough it begins resonating at a different frequency. If the mass of this segment becomes great enough each particle loses control over that matter. The mass becomes an effective particle in its own right, a virtual particle. The two particles had become sticky and are now stuck. The masses cannot separate. And a subatomic mass cannot sacrifice mass to escape without falling below its minimal allowed mass.

Quarks

Quarks appear to be masses composed of particles smaller yet than mitons. For lack of names for this sub-micro-subatomic particle we will use miton2. Miton2s may be the gas that has been misinterpreted as dark-energy for expansion, and dark-matter for gravitation.

Hadrons contain an ethereal medium like do leptons. Hadrons also contain condensed masses at their cores that cannot survive separate from the medium. The simple material explanation would be that quarks are turbulence eddies.

High-viscosity molten metals and minerals under a planetary mantle cannot simply flow around the planet when the core spins at a different rate than the surface. Large eddies are generated to reduce the stress.

If the viscosity of a fluid is low, eddies are created by the dozens or hundreds that typically line the sheer boundaries. High-viscosity fluids that try to sheer will be forced to fold into as few as possible eddies. High viscosity fluid in spheres or cylinders will fold into two or three eddies.

Tumble-plane configurations may explain quarks.

Geomagnetic Fields

Consider tumble-planes relating to celestial masses. If you placed two cones apex-to-apex, the radii of these cones representing the polar precessions of celestial masses, one pole with a greater precession could create greater electromotive force than the other. For celestial masses with ionic, or liquid cores, free electrons would be propelled away from the greater cone and into the smaller. This may be what actually generates celestial-magnetic fields. And should the secondary axis shift through a celestial mass, the magnetic field can shift, weirding and flipping magnetic poles over time.

AEther-Propulsion Technologies

The gas that is the vacuum of space creates friction on a mass when that mass changes direction. When you accelerate a vehicle what presses you against the seat is the gas 'blowing' against your subatomic particles.

What would happen if we grabbed this gas and moved it against matter rather than the other way around?

Though the aether of classical theory does not exist in modern theory, mitonSystems borrows the term when dealing with the gas of the vacuum.

Aether is the gas that is the Dark Matter/Energy of space between visible/detectable matter. This gas, free-state miton2s, is still thermodynamic and fluid.

How would you grab this aetheric gas and propel it into a specific direction? What would it do for you?

If you propel the gas as from a fan or jet you could induce and maintain inertia from any mass the wind crossed. You could 'counter' gravity, counter inertia, create propulsion, create artificial gravity, and slow or speed time within a small container.

To move the aether you must think about how raindrops influence the air it passes to create wind. The raindrops create drag against the air by maintaining a constant friction on it.

Technologically, you need to take a rain of masses, arc their paths from A to B and remove them. This is normally not very efficient because moving matter creates heat in many directions. This heat blows in all directions, contradicting intentions. It would take great energy to get trivial results.

Take a thickish silver or copper plate and grid wires across opposing surfaces, offsetting on one. Cram as many electrons as possible into this plate then dump. This plate becomes a capacitor. Do this millions of time a second and into only one direction. The packed electrons begin traveling towards a point of least resistance. This creates inertia against the electron which drags a bit of the aether with it. This is an Aether-Propulsion Jet (APJ).

The problem with silver or copper plates is that when the power circuit is closed and the electrons begin moving, there is enough heat created to fight the electrons and their intended direction. The electrons move inefficiently, retarding the wind.

High-temperature superconducting ceramics (like thallium-calcium-barium-copper-oxides), used instead of silver or copper, allows for the removal of the heat, and so, making electron 'paddling' efficient.

It takes millions of volts (electrons), backed with enough amperage (electron packing and moving force), packed and dumped millions of time a second to do good and obvious work.

The flight of 'UFOs' between points in a moment would destroy most onboard technologies do to inertia. An APJ, blowing opposite the direction of acceleration and with matching force, would counter onboard horizontal aether winds. APJ blowing down from within a craft would create artificial gravity. APJ blowing strongly below and from behind the craft would provide propulsion. APJ blowing from the walls of a small container/sphere to within that container, would within the container, slow time, stabilize radioactive materials. APJ blowing without that container, would within the container, speed time, make all elements radioactive. This container can be used to speed crystal growths or build/be a fusion generator.

Propelling the aether is easy to do. Some electronic circuit boards create flow that severely interferes with components. Resonating magnetic fields and lasers induce motion in the aether. Medical and high-energy physics labs must take precautions when initiating electronic equipment.

The trick to harnessing the aether is not creating a wind but to sustain it. The wind must oscillate in strength. Otherwise the matter it washes over acquires momentum and the force ceases.

Miscellaneous