Translation About Vasa Warship in Stockholm, 3rd July edit
Vasa (ship)“瓦萨号”皇家旗舰 From Maggiefriend's Translation about Vasa
Vasa (or Wasa[2]) is a Swedish 64-gun galleon, built for Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1626-1628. She foundered after sailing only a mile into her maiden voyage on 10 August 1628. After years of searching and preparation from 1956, Vasa was salvaged with a largely intact hull on 24 April 1961. She was housed in a temporary museum until 1987, and was later moved to the Vasa Museum in Stockholm which officially opened in 1990. Vasa is currently one of Sweden's most popular tourist attractions.
Vasa（瓦萨号）是一艘拥有64门加农炮的瑞典籍大型帆船，是1626-1628年间为瑞典国王古斯塔夫.阿道夫（Gustavus Adolphus）二世所建造。在1628年8月10日，在仅有一海里的处女航之后，她就沉没了。从1956年开始，通过几年的查找和准备之后，在1961年的4月24日，拥有着巨大完整外壳的Vasa号被打捞上来。但直到1987年，她才被收藏到一个临时性的博物馆中，并且稍后又被转移到由官方于1990年开放的瑞典瓦萨博物馆中。Vasa号是瑞典目前最受欢迎的旅游胜地之一。
Thousands of artefacts and the remains of 25 people were found inside or near Vasa by marine archaeologists. Among the many items found were clothing, weapons, cannons, tools, coins, cutlery, food, drink and six of the ten sails. The artefacts and the ship itself have provided historians with invaluable insight into details on everyday life, naval warfare and shipbuilding techniques in the early 17th century. When she was built, Vasa was intended to express the expansionist aspirations of Sweden and its king, Gustavus Adolphus, and no expense was spared in decorating and equipping her. She was one of the largest and most heavily armed warships of her time and was adorned with hundreds of sculptures, concentrated mainly to her bown and stern, all of them painted in vivid colors.
海洋考古学家在Vasa号内部及周围发现了数以千计的工艺品和25具人的尸体。被发现的这些东西有衣物，武器，炮，工具，钱币，餐具，食物，酒和六个完好的帆。对17世纪早期的日常生活细节，海战以及造船技术有了深入的了解，当然这些工艺品及船本身已经给历史学家提供了宝贵的信息。当Vasa号被建好后，她试图展示出瑞典及他的国王Gustavus Adolphus二世的一种向外扩张的野心，并且在装修和装备她的费用上，没有任何的结余。Vasa号是她所处时代最大，最重的武装战舰之一，并且用上百个雕塑，主要对其船头及船尾部进行了装饰，所有的这些都被漆成鲜艳的颜色。
The exact reasons for the capsizing are still debated, but it is clear Vasa was too top-heavy and therefore unstable. The ship was fitted with an extra battery deck (cannon deck) without consideration for the sailing characteristics and enlarged per measurements ordained by the king. Despite clearly failing a stability in port she was allowed to set sail, mainly due to the impatience of Gustavus Adolphus to see her join the Baltic fleet in the Thirty Years' War. An inquiry was held after the disaster and the captain was arrested, but no sentences were handed out as the king himself, who was considered infallible, had approved all measurements.
对于沉没的准确原因依然被争论着，但是很清楚Vasa号太重并因此而不稳定。船被安装上了没有考虑航行特点的超重火炮甲板，并且由国王规定加大所有的尺寸。尽管很清楚在左舷有较差的稳定性，但是她还是被准许启航。这主要归咎于急躁的Gustavus Adolphus二世想看到Vasa号加入到“三十年战争”的波罗的海战事中去。在灾难发生和船长被捕后，大家开始质疑，但是国王自己并未发出任何判决，这个批准了所有船体的尺寸规格的人被认为是绝对正确的。
The following picture is the Chinese introduce about Vasa Ship in Stockholm Vasa Museum
下图为在斯德哥尔摩Vasa博物馆中的有关Vasa战舰的中文版介绍。
Why did the Vasa sink? From Vasa Museum Official Websit
瓦萨号为什么会沉没呢？
In the 17th century there were no scientific methods of calculating a ship's stability. It was not uncommon that warships heeled over and sank. Their cargo - the guns - were placed relatively high up in the ship, whereas merchant-vessels stored their cargo in the hold, ie in the bottom of the ship.
在17世纪，由于缺乏船只稳定性的科学计算方法，发生战舰的倾斜和沉没是不足为奇的。相比较商船把货物存放在船舱底而言，Vasa号将他们的货物即枪炮放置在了船体中相对较高的位置。
Instead of using calculations, the 17th century shipbuilders used so called reckonings, which recorded certain ship-measurements. However, the reckonings used in building the Vasa were intended for smaller ships with only one gundeck. The Vasa was built differently. She had two gundecks with heavy artillery (when the norm was to place lighter guns on the upper gundeck). The standard rules obviously did not apply here.
17世纪造船专家使用所谓的计算方法即用对一定的船体测量记录的方法去替代原有的。然而，由于建筑Vasa号的计算方法适用于仅有一个甲板的小型船只。但Vasa号的建造是非常困难的。她拥有携带重型火炮的双层甲板（正常情况下，在上层的火炮甲板应放置较轻的枪支，炮弹）。相反，标准规则在这里反而是不适用的。
Deep down in the Vasa several tons of stone were stored as ballast. They were meant to give the ship stability. However, the main reason for the Vasa capsizing was that the ballast was not enough as counterweight to the guns, the upper hull, masts and sails of the ship. In the inquiries after the Vasa disaster it was revealed that a stability test had been performed prior to the maiden voyage. Thirty men had run back and forth across the Vasa's deck when she was moored at the quay. The men had to stop after three runs, well before the test could be completed - otherwise, the ship would have capsized. Present was Admiral Klas Fleming, one of the most influential men in the Navy. His only comment to the failed stability test was "If only His Majesty were at home!" After that he let the Vasa make her maiden voyage.
实际上，有几吨石头已经被作为压舱物在Vasa号里。他们打算给这条战舰增加稳定性。然而，Vasa号失事的主要原因是压舱物没有足够的重量去充当那些枪炮，上层船体，桅杆和船帆等物资的配重。在通过对Vasa失事后的调查中发现，稳定性测试在处女航之前已经被履行了。Vasa号在码头停泊时，30个男人在甲板上来来回回地奔跑。这些人在跑了三趟之后，并在测试结束前很久就不得不停了下来。否则，Vasa号就将倾覆海底。海军将领卡拉斯.弗莱明当时就在现场，他是海军中最有影响力的将领之一，他对这场失败的稳定性测试的唯一评价就是“只要国王在家就好！”在这之后，他便让Vasa号开始了她的处女航。
Who, then, were to blame for the disaster? From Vasa Museum Official Websit
那么谁应该对这场不幸负责呢？
Admiral Fleming. Partly. He could have stopped the ship after the stability test. On the other hand, the ship was already complete and the king was waiting impatiently in Polish Prussia.
海军将领卡拉斯.弗莱明负有部分责任。在稳定性测试后，他本应该制止该船的航行，但他却没有。另外一方面，这艘战舰已经完工并且国王正焦急地等待着她加入到战争中去。
King Gustavus Adolphus. Partly. He was anxious to acquire a ship with as many heavy guns as possible. He had also approved the Vasa's dimensions and was keen to have her completed rapidly.
国王古斯塔夫.阿道夫负有部分责任。他渴望获得一艘装备有尽可能多的火炮的战舰。他也批准了Vasa号的尺寸，并且热切地盼望她的快速完成。
The shipbuilder Henrik Hybertsson. Partly. Although he built the hull too narrow, he was a skilled shipbuilder who had previously built many good ships. His unexpected death the previous year just complicated matters.
造船专家亨利克.海勃森负有部分的责任，尽管他是一个曾经建造了许多好船的有经验的专家，但是他建造了较为狭窄的船体。并且，前几年里，他的突然的死亡又将事情复杂化。
The captain Söfring Hansson. According to a new theory the capsizing of the Vasa may be blamed on the captain. He sailed a brand new ship with open gunports. The Vasa sank when water gushed in through the lower gunports! It would have been wiser to test the new ship on her maiden voyage with closed gunports.
对于船长Söfring Hansson。根据有关Vasa号沉没的新理论，应归咎于船长。他驾驶着一艘敞开着左火炮舷的崭新战舰。当海水涌入较低的左火炮舷时，Vasa沉没了。因此表明，在新战舰的首次航行时，关闭火炮舷才是明智的。
However, the inquiries showed that no one could really be blamed for the disaster. The main reason being the insufficient theoretical know how of the period. The Vasa was something new - a military experiment. After the Vasa, many successful ships were built with two, three and even four gundecks. The shipbuilders learned from their mistakes with the Vasa and improved later designs.
然而，调查表明，没有任何一个人能真正对这场海难负责。所处时期，对理论的了解是不够的。Vasa号是一个新的军事实验。在她之后，许多拥有两个，三个甚至四个火炮甲板的出色战舰被建造完成。船舶制造商通过Vasa号的失败，学到许多，从而提高日后的设计。
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