First wave edit
Norbert Wiener edit
Norbert Wiener (1894–1964), professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, launched the term "cybernetics" in his book Cybernetics, or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (1948).[1]
The Macy conferences edit
Second wave edit
In 1970, Heinz von Forster invented the term "second-order cybernetics" to refer to cybernetic systems in which the observer played a role in feedback mechanisms.[2] "Cybernetics of cybernetics"...
Third wave edit
In Europe edit
France edit
The Soviet Union edit
Notes edit
- ^ Brooks 2003, p. 195.
- ^ Brooks 2003, p. 196.
Works cited edit
- Brooks, Randall C. (2003), "Cybernetics", in Heilbron, John L. (ed.) (ed.), The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 195–6, ISBN 0-19-511229-6
{{citation}}:|editor-first=has generic name (help) - Mindell, David; Segal, Jérôme; Gerovitch, Slava (2003), "Cybernetics and information theory in the United States, France, and the Soviet Union", in Walker, Mark (ed.) (ed.), Science and ideology: a comparative history, Abingdon, England, and New York: Routledge, pp. 66–96, ISBN 0-415-27122-3
{{citation}}:|editor-first=has generic name (help) (hardback); ISBN 0-415-27999-2 (paperback).