User:Luisa Al./sandbox

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article critique ==

In the Summary of the article, the end starts becoming more like an essay tone instead of neutral. It happens again in the Overview section when the editor of the article starts asking questions and speaks in a persuasive tone. This isn't necessarily good when writing an info-heavy article, because it doesn't lean specifically towards one point of view. I suggest deleting those sections and rewording it more like the original publisher would have. Don't put too many fillers in. The sources are neutral and reliable.

#1 Wikipedia article change (Versus Verbal Communication)

- I will remove most of the paragraph containing essay-style writing and rewrite it, maintaining the sources already used.

(REWRITE AND ADD) When communicating face-to-face with someone, it's sometimes hard to differentiate which parts of conversing are communicated via verbally or non-verbally. Other studies done on the same subject have concluded that in more relaxed and natural settings of communication, verbal and non-verbal signals and cues can contribute in surprisingly similar ways. [KEEP] Argyle, using video tapes shown to the subjects, analysed the communication of submissive/dominant attitude, (high and low context, high context resorting to more strict social classes and take a more short and quick response route to portray dominance, low context being the opposite by taking time to explain everything and putting a lot of importance on communication and building trust and respect with others in a submissive and relaxed manner), and found that non-verbal cues had 4.3 times the effect of verbal cues. The most important effect was that body posture communicated superior status (specific to culture and context said person grew up in) in a very efficient way. On the other hand, a study by Hsee et al. had subjects judge a person on the dimension happy/sad and found that words spoken with minimal variation in intonation had an impact about 4 times larger than face expressions seen in a film without sound. (REWRITE AND ADD) Therefore, when considering certain non-verbal mannerisms such as facial expressions and physical cues, they can conflict in meaning when compared to spoken language and emotions. Different set ups and scenarios would yield different responses and meanings when using both types of communication. In other ways they can complement each other, provided they're used together wisely in conversation.

#2 Wikipedia article change (Nonverbal communications across cultures)

[Take out] This collaboration is referred to in the learning style "Learning by Observing and Pitching In". The prism highlights the features of collaboration as a flexible ensemble with fluid coordination, blending ideas, agendas and pace. Many Indigenous cultures have this manner of learning and work side by side with adults and children as peers. This involves a balance of articulate nonverbal conversation and parsimonious verbal means. Children become able to complete a wide range of responsibilities because parents freely allowed their participation in adults' tasks when they were younger. For example, immigrant US children perform translation work for their families and express pride in their contributions and collaborative orientation to working with their parents. By giving children the chance to prove their work ethic, indigenous communities often see contribution and collaboration from children, especially since their initiative is a lesson taught at young age using facial and body language.

[TAKE OUT] In Tzotzil, Zinacantec infants communicate with their caregivers through nonverbal means that incorporate them into the social fabric of the community, and give them the opportunity to be a social participant in the community.[47] Young children are embedded within conversations between adults as they interpret to one another the child's non-verbal language, and are side participants and addressees in both two-person and multiparty communications. This engagement of infants into adult conversation and social interactions influences the development of the children in those communities, as they are able to take on an active role in learning from toddlerhood.

[ADD UNDER LEARNING IN INDIGENOUS CHILDREN IN AMERICA] Culture plays an important role in nonverbal communication, and it is one aspect that helps to influence how learning activities are organized. In many Indigenous American Communities, for example, there is often an emphasis on nonverbal communication, which acts as a valued means by which children learn.

[ADDING UNDER THE Lead section] One of the main factors that differentiates nonverbal communication in cultures is high and low-context. context relates to certain events and the meaning that is ultimately derived from it. “High-context” cultures rely mostly on nonverbal cues and gestures, using elements such as the closeness of the kind of the relationships they have with others, strict social hierarchies and classes and deep cultural tradition and widely known beliefs and rules. In contrast, “low-context” cultures depend largely on words and verbal communication, where communications are direct and social hierarchies are way less tense and more loose.

This gesture is accepted by Americans as meaning "OK", but varies greatly in other cultures around the world.

[ADDING UNDER Gestures] people in the United States commonly use the "OK" hand gesture to give permission and allow an action. In Japan, however, the same sign means "money". It refers to "zero" or "nothing" in several cultures besides these two (Argentina, Belgium, French and the Portuguese). To Eastern European cultures that same "OK" sign is considered a vulgar swearing gesture.

[ADDING UNDER Displays of Emotion] According to Rebecca Bernstein (from Point Park University) "Winking is a facial expression particularly varied in meaning." According to Latin culture, a wink was a display or invitation of romantic pursuit. The Yoruba (Nigeria) have taught their children to follow certain nonverbal commands, such as winking, which tells them it's time to leave the room. To the Chinese it comes off as an offensive gesture.

Disadvantages of nonverbal communication across cultures

People who have studied in mainly nonverbal communication may not be skilled as a verbal speaker, so much of what they are portraying is through gestures and facial expressions which can lead to major cultural barriers if they have conflict with diverse cultures already. "This can lead to intercultural conflict (according to Marianna Pogosyan Ph.D.), misunderstandings and ambiguities in communication, despite language fluency." Nonverbal communication makes the difference between bringing cultures together in understanding one another, appearing authentic. Or it can push people farther away due to misunderstandings in how different groups see certain nonverbal cues or gestures. From birth, children in various cultures are taught the gestures and cues their culture defines as universal which is not the case for others, but some movements are universal. Evidence suggests humans all smile when happy about something and frowning when something is upsetting or bad.

#3 Wikipedia article change (Lead/intro section)

[TAKE OUT FIRST SENTENCE] Nonverbal communication (NVC) between people is communication through sending and receiving wordless cues.

[TAKE OUT THIRD PARAGRAPH] Only a small percentage of the brain processes verbal communication. As infants, nonverbal communication is learned from social-emotional communication, making the face rather than voice the dominant communication channel. As children become verbal communicators, they begin to look at facial expressions, vocal tones, and other nonverbal elements more subconsciously.[citation needed]]

[ADD IN FIRST SENTENCE] Nonverbal communication (NVC) is the nonlinguistic transmission of information through visual, auditory, tactile, and kinesthetic channels.

[ADD IN SUBSTITUTE THIRD SECTION] The Nonverbal encoding sequence includes facial expressions, gestures, posture, tone of voice, tactile stimulation such as touch, and body movements, like when someone moves closer to communicate or steps away due to spacial boundaries. The Decoding processes involve the use of received sensations combined with previous experience with understanding the meaning of communications with others.

#4 Wikipedia article change (Kinesics Rewrite)

[REMOVE] The term "kinesics" was first used (in 1952) by Ray Birdwhistell, an anthropologist who wished to study how people communicate through posture, gesture, stance, and movement. Part of Birdwhistell's work involved making films of people in social situations and analyzing them to show different levels of communication not clearly seen otherwise. Several other anthropologists, including Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, also studied kinesics.

[add/rewrite] Kinesics is the area of nonverbal communication related to movements of the body, including gestures, posture, and facial expressions, and the study of that area. The word was first coined by Ray Birdwhistell, who considered the term body language inaccurate and improper to use as a definition. Examples of kinesic communication range from a nod of the head meaning “yes” (or “I am listening”) to a student shifting in their seat indicating a wandering attention. Kinesic communication differs from culture to culture, depending on how much contact each culture contains (high or low contact) and what has been established by long held traditons and values related to nonverbal communication.

#5 Wikipedia article change (Functions/move to history and rewrite)

[REMOVE THE ENTIRE FUNCTIONS SECTION OUT] Argyle (1970)[59] put forward the hypothesis that whereas spoken language is normally used for communicating information about events external to the speakers, non-verbal codes are used to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships. It is considered more polite or nicer to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally rather than verbally, for instance in order to avoid embarrassing situations.[60]

Argyle (1988) concluded there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:[61]

Express emotions

Express interpersonal attitudes

To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners

Self-presentation of one's personality

Rituals (greetings)

[REMOVE PERMANENTLY] In regards to expressing interpersonal attitudes, humans communicate interpersonal closeness through a series of nonverbal actions known as immediacy behaviors. Examples of immediacy behaviors are smiling, touching, open body positions, and eye contact. Cultures that display these immediacy behaviors are considered high-contact cultures.

REWRITE IN HISTORY SECTION] In 1970, Argyle hypothesized that although spoken language is used for communicating the meaning about events external to the person communicating, the nonverbal codes are used to create and strengthen interpersonal relationships. When someone wishes to avoid conflicting or embarrassing events during communication, it is considered proper and correct by the hypothesis to communicate attitudes towards others non-verbally instead of verbally. Along with this philosophy, Michael Argyle also found and concluded in 1988 that there are five main functions of nonverbal body behavior and gestures in human communications: self-presentation of one's whole personality, rituals and cultural greetings, expressing interpersonal attitudes, expressing emotions, and to accompany speech in managing the cues set in the interactions between the speaker and the listener.