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User:Lehnerinea/Draft Hericium erinaceus

For the other species named hedgehog mushroom, see Hydnum repandum.

Lehnerinea/Draft Hericium erinaceus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Russulales
Family:
Hericiaceae
Genus:
Hericium
Species:
H. erinaceus
Binomial name
Hericium erinaceus
Synonyms
  • Clavaria erinaceus
  • Dryodon erinaceus
  • Hydnum erinaceus
Hericium erinaceus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Teeth on hymenium
No distinct cap
Lacks a stipe
Spore print is white
Ecology is parasitic
Edibility is choice

Hericium erinaceus (also called lion's mane mushroom, monkey head mushroom, bearded tooth mushroom, satyr's beard, bearded hedgehog mushroom, pom pom mushroom, or bearded tooth fungus) is an edible and medicinal mushroom belonging to the tooth fungus group. Native to North America, Europe and Asia it can be identified by its long spines (greater than 1 cm length), its appearance on hardwoods and its tendency to grow a single clump of dangling spines.[citation needed] Hericium erinaceus can be mistaken for other species of Hericium, which are all popular edibles that grow across the same range. In the wild, these mushrooms are common during late summer and fall on hardwoods, particularly American beech.[citation needed]

Distribution edit

Although H. erinaceus is native to Europe, it has been red listed in 13 European countries due to poor germination and establishment. This specific genus fruits between August and December in the United Kingdom, and will continue to produce spores until as late as February in the following year.[citation needed] It is able to withstand cold temperatures and frost conditions.[1]

Strains and yield edit

In fungi cultivation, fungal strains are analogous to plant varieties in crop breeding[2]. Fungal strains comprise clonal descendants of a single isolation from one fungal colony in a pure culture[3]. Hericium spp. grow in the wild in North America, Europe and Asia and, although there is considerable scientific research about them, they are not commonly industrially produced. Accordingly, there are few commercially available strains in the USA or Europe and little or no breeding for higher yield or other favorable traits has occurred [2]. The production of specialty mushrooms in the USA increased by about 23% between 2010 and 2018 from 16.4 to 20.1 million lbs (7.4 to 9.1 million kg)[4]. This increasing consumer interest in specialty mushrooms has encouraged the improvement of shiitake strains[2].

Grace and Mudge (2015) compared the yield of a commercial strain of Hericium erinaceus and of the three strains of the closely related H. Americanum which were locally isolated from upstate New York. The fungi were grown on wood substrates for five years. While the authors did not observe considerably different yields between the strains, the number of years after inoculation significantly affected the yield which peaked in the third and fourth years[5].

Wild strains of Hericium spp. can be isolated and cultivated by first gathering fruiting bodies from fallen trees in the mushroom’s natural habitat. The fruiting bodies can then be opened to attain pieces of their inner spore-producing tissue. This tissue is then placed onto petri dishes with agar to cultivate fungal colonies at 25 °C. After several transfers to new petri dishes to verify the purity of the strain, it can be kept at -80 °C for long-term storage [5].

Product use edit

H. erinaceus produces edible fruiting bodies that have both culinary and traditional medicinal uses. The mycelium is also used medicinally [6].

--> add importance in WFS

Culinary uses edit

Alongside shiitake (Lentinus edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms, H. erinaceus can be classified as a specialty mushroom[7] and can be utilized culinarily in a similar fashion as these other, more prevalent edible mushrooms[5], e.g. by pan-frying in butter. Its flavor is said to be comparable to that of lobster[2].

Medicinal uses edit

H. erinaceus has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gastritis for over a millennium[8]. It is also employed to reduce inflammation and boost the immune system whereby it is often administered as tablets of dried and powdered fruiting bodies[6]. It can also be purchased as H. erinaceus extract. This is produced by first cooking pulverized, dried fruiting bodies in water and/or alcohol to break down fungal cell walls and release both water soluble and insoluble compounds from within the cells. The liquid is then removed, leaving behind a powder that can be purchased and consumed in loose form or in capsules[9].

In an experiment, in which compounds from a H. erinaceus culture broth were extracted and given to mice, the compounds appeared to have antitumor effects. The test group of mice showed to have an increased amount of T cells and macrophages than the control group, indicating an immuno-enhancing effect of these compounds[10]. Another study indicated that the consumption of H. erinaceus extract could induce apoptosis of human monocytic leukemia cells[11].

Research suggests that certain compounds in H. erinaceus stimulate the biosynthesis of nerve growth factor (see Chemistry) which could have preventative and therapeutic effects on degenerative neuronal disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, research suggests the intake of H. erinaceus could potentially reduce depression and anxiety[12].

Chemistry edit

There are bioactive, medicinally interesting compounds in both the fruiting body and the mycelium of H. erinaceus. It contains a number of polysaccharides, such as β-glucan, heteroglucans, and heteroxylans, as well as several cyathane derivative diterpenoids known as hericenones and erinacines. Hericenones and erinacines have shown to have positive effects on the biosynthesis of nerve growth factor (see Medicinal uses). Different analyses of the aroma compounds in lion’s mane fruiting bodies have determined different dominant compounds, including 1-octen-3-ol [13], 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 2-ethylpyrazine and 2,6-diethylpyrazine[14].

Nutritive value edit

The nutritive value of H. erinaceus fruiting bodies is relatively high, containing 57% carbohydrates, 3.52% fats, 7.81% fiber, 22.3% protein and 9.35% ash of dry matter[15]. Depending on the study, the number of amino acids detected in the fruiting bodies has varied between 14 and 19[15],[16]. Potassium and phosphorus occur in large concentrations of 254 and 109 mg/100 g dry matter, respectively[16].

Gallery edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Boddy, Lynne; Crockatt, Martha E.; Ainsworth, A. Martyn (2011-04-01). "Ecology of Hericium cirrhatum, H. coralloides and H. erinaceus in the UK". Fungal Ecology. Conservation underground: Fungi in a changing world. 4 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2010.10.001. ISSN 1754-5048.
  2. ^ a b c d "Lion's Mane: A new candidate for profitable forest mushroom cultivation". Cornell Small Farms. 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  3. ^ Dijkshoorn, L.; Ursing, B.M.; Ursing, J.B. (2000-05-01). "Strain, clone and species: comments on three basic concepts of bacteriology". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 49 (5): 397–401. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-49-5-397. ISSN 0022-2615.
  4. ^ "USDA/NASS QuickStats Ad-hoc Query Tool". quickstats.nass.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  5. ^ a b c Grace, Jeanne; Mudge, Kenneth W. (2015). "Production of Hericium sp. (Lion's Mane) mushrooms on totem logs in a forest farming system". Agroforestry Systems. 89 (3): 549–556. doi:10.1007/s10457-015-9790-1. ISSN 0167-4366.
  6. ^ a b Sokół, Sławomir; Golak-Siwulska, Iwona; Sobieralski, Krzysztof; Siwulski, Marek; Górka, Katarzyna (2016-01-29). "Biology, cultivation, and medicinal functions of the mushroom Hericium erinaceum". Acta Mycologica. 50 (2). doi:10.5586/am.1069. ISSN 2353-074X.
  7. ^ Royse, Daniel J. (2010-07-29), "Speciality Mushrooms and Their Cultivation", Horticultural Reviews, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 59–97, ISBN 978-0-470-65062-2, retrieved 2020-11-06
  8. ^ Mizuno, Takashi (1999). "Bioactive Substances in Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Yamabushitake), and Its Medicinal Utilization". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 1 (2): 105–119. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v1.i2.10. ISSN 1521-9437.
  9. ^ "Frequently Asked Mushroom Questions". Real Mushrooms. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  10. ^ 王進琦; 胡淑惠; 蘇慶華; 李聰明 (2001-09-01). "Antitumor and Immunoenhancing Activities of Polysaccharide from Culture Broth of Hericium Spp". The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 17 (9). doi:10.6452/KJMS.200109.0461.
  11. ^ Kim, Sung Phil; Kang, Mi Young; Choi, Yong Hee; Kim, Jae Ho; Nam, Seok Hyun; Friedman, Mendel (2011). "Mechanism of Hericium erinaceus (Yamabushitake) mushroom-induced apoptosis of U937 human monocytic leukemia cells". Food & Function. 2 (6): 348. doi:10.1039/c1fo10030k. ISSN 2042-6496.
  12. ^ Nagano, Mayumi; Shimizu, Kuniyoshi; Kondo, Ryuichiro; Hayashi, Chickako; Sato, Daigo; Kitagawa, Katsuyuki; Ohnuki, Koichiro (2010). "Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake". Biomedical Research. 31 (4): 231–237. doi:10.2220/biomedres.31.231. ISSN 1880-313X.
  13. ^ Kawagishi, Hirokazu (2005). "Anti-MRSA Compounds from Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 7 (3): 348–349. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v7.i3.130. ISSN 1521-9437.
  14. ^ Miyazawa, Mitsuo; Matsuda, Naoki; Tamura, Naotaka; Ishikawa, Ryuuzou (2008-09). "Characteristic Flavor of Volatile Oil from Dried Fruiting Bodies of Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 20 (5): 420–423. doi:10.1080/10412905.2008.9700046. ISSN 1041-2905. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ a b Mau, Jeng-Leun; Lin, Hsiu-Ching; Ma, Jung-Tsun; Song, Si-Fu (2001-06). "Non-volatile taste components of several speciality mushrooms". Food Chemistry. 73 (4): 461–466. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00330-7. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b Mizuno, Takashi (1999). "Bioactive Substances in Hericium erinaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Pers. (Yamabushitake), and Its Medicinal Utilization". International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms. 1 (2): 105–119. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v1.i2.10. ISSN 1521-9437.


Category:Russulales Category:Fungi of Europe Category:Fungi of North America Category:Chinese edible mushrooms Category:Edible fungi Category:Medicinal fungi Category:Fungi in cultivation

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