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Named after J. R. R. Tolkein

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Gabrius tolkieni Schillhammer 1997 Beetle J. R. R. Tolkien [1]
Khamul tolkeini Gates, 2008 Wasp J. R. R. Tolkien [2]
Leucothoe tolkieni Vinogradov, 1990 Amphipod J. R. R. Tolkien [3][4]
Martesia (Paramartesia) tolkieni Clam J. R. R. Tolkien "The name tolkieni honors the late J.R.R. Tolkien, creator of The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and many delightful creatures of long ago in the time of Middle-earth." [5]
Shireplitis tolkieni Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp J. R. R. Tolkien [6]
Tolkienia † Lieberman & Kloc, 1997 Trilobite J. R. R. Tolkien A genus of Devonian trilobites that has been found in Spain, France and the United States. [7]

Named after the Ainur

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Anthracosuchus balrogus † Hastings et al, 2014 Crocodyliform Balrogs [8]
Balrogia Hedqvist, 1977 Wasp Balrogs [9]
Chespiritos balrogiformis Kuwahara & Marshall, 2020 Fly Balrogs "This name refers to the fifth sternite, which resembles the head of the Balrog from J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings series, specifically the one represented in Peter Jackson's movie Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring." [10]
Elachista olorinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Gandalf (Olórin) From Gandalf's alternate name Olórin [11]
Gandalfia Willems et al, 2005 Flatworm Gandalf [12]
Gandalfus McLay, 2007 Crab Gandalf A crab from the waters of New Zealand, where the Peter Jackson trilogy was filmed [13]
Khamul gothmogi Gates, 2008 Wasp Gothmog, Lord of the Balrogs [2]
Litoria sauroni Richards & Oliver, 2006 Frog Sauron [14]
Macrostyphlus gandalf Morrone, 1994 Beetle Gandalf [15]
Mithrandir † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Gandalf (Mithrandir) [16]
Mimatuta morgoth † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Morgoth [16]
Niphredil radagasti † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Radagast [16]
Paraortygoides radagasti † Bird Radagast "For the wizard of Middle Earth, Radagast the Brown, rabid communicator with birds" [17]
Sauron Eskov, 1995 Spider Sauron [18]
Sauroniops † Cau et al, 2012 Dinosaur Sauron The name has the intended meaning of "Eye of Sauron". [19]
Yavanna Vera, 2013 Tree fern Yavanna [20]

Named after Elves

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Elachista amrodella Kaila, 1999 Moth Amrod [11]
Elachista aredhella Kaila, 1999 Moth Aredhel [11]
Elachista caranthirella Kaila, 1999 Moth Caranthir [11]
Elachista curufinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Curufin [11]
Elachista daeronella Kaila, 1999 Moth Daeron [11]
Elachista finarfinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Finarfin [11]
Elachista galadella Kaila, 1999 Moth Galadhrim, the Silvan Elves [11]
Elachista gildorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Gildor Inglorion [11]
Elachista indisella Kaila, 1999 Moth Indis [11]
Elachista maglorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Maglor [11]
Elachista miriella Kaila, 1999 Moth Míriel Serindë [11]
Elachista telerella Kaila, 1999 Moth Teleri [11]
Elachista turgonella Kaila, 1999 Moth Turgon [11]
Gallogramma galadrieli † Garrouste et al, 2017 Prehistoric insect Galadriel [21]
Gildoria Hedqvist, 1974 Wasp Gildor Inglorion [22]
Legolasia Hedqvist, 1974 Wasp Legolas Now revised to Chlorocytus. [23]
Oxyprimus galadrielae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Galadriel [16]
Tinuviel † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Tinuviel [16]

Named after Dwaves

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Balinia Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Balin Now revised to Acrias. [24]
Bomburodon † (Van Valen, 1978) Fossil mammal Bombur Formerly named Bomburia.[a] [16][26]
Deltatherium durini † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Durin Allusion is to size, being two-thirds the size of Deltatherium fundaminis [16]
Elachista ibunella Kaila, 1999 Moth Ibûn [11]
Elachista telcharella Kaila, 1999 Moth Telchar [11]
Gimlia Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Gimli Now revised to Acrias. [24]
Oinia (Hedqvist, 1978) Wasp Óin Now revised to Acrias. [24]

Named after Men (Humans)

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Anisonchus eowynae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Éowyn [16]
Elachista aerinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Aerin [11]
Elachista arthadella Kaila, 1999 Moth Arthad [11]
Elachista beorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Bëor [11]
Elachista bregorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Bregor [11]
Elachista dagnirella Kaila, 1999 Moth Dagnir [11]
Elachista eilinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Eilinel [11]
Elachista gorlimella Kaila, 1999 Moth Gorlim [11]
Elachista haldarella Kaila, 1999 Moth Haldar [11]
Elachista marachella Kaila, 1999 Moth Marach [11]
Elachista morwenella Kaila, 1999 Moth Morwen [11]
Elachista neithanella Kaila, 1999 Moth Túrin Neithan is a pseudonym of Túrin.[27] [11]
Elachista nienorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Niënor [11]
Elachista ragnorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Ragnor [11]
Elachista rianella Kaila, 1999 Moth Rían [11]
Elachista tuorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Tuor [11]
Elachista turinella Kaila, 1999 Moth Túrin [11]

Named after Hobbits

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Abacophrastus hobbit Will, 2011 Beetle Hobbits "an allusion to the setose dorsal surface of the tarsi, analogous to the hairy feet of Tolkien’s Hobbits" [28]
Aglaophenia baggins Soto Ángel & Peña Cantero, 2017 Hydrozoan Baggins family [29]
Ansonia smeagol Davies et al, 2016 Toad Gollum (Sméagol) [30]
Breviceps bagginsi Minter, 2003 Frog Bilbo Baggins [31]
Frodospira † Wagner, 1999 Gastropod Frodo Baggins [32]
Galaxias gollumoides McDowall & Chadderton, 1999 Fish Gollum Gollumoides means "Gollum-like".[27] [33]
Gollum Garrick, 1954 Fish Gollum [34]
Gollumiella Hedqvist, 1978 Wasp Gollum [35]
Gollumjapyx smeagol Sendra & Ortuño, 2006 Dipluran Gollum (Sméagol) [36]
Iandumoema smeagol Pinto-da-Rocha, 1996 Harvestman Gollum (Sméagol) [37]
Ingerophrynus gollum Grismer, 2007 Toad Gollum [38]
Laparocerus hobbit Machado, 2008 Beetle Hobbits "The specific epithet ... refers to the Hobbits ... a literary fictitious race of people who have big and hairy feet; a metaphor of the swollen and hairy tarsi characteristic of this species." [39]
Lotharingius frodoi † Mattioli, 1996 Coccolithophore Frodo Baggins [40]
Macrostyphlus bilbo Morrone, 1994 Beetle Bilbo Baggins
Macrostyphlus frodo Morrone, 1994 Beetle Frodo Baggins [15]
Marjumia bagginsi † Melzak and Westrop, 1994 Trilobite Bilbo Baggins [41]
Odontonia bagginsi de Gier & Fransen, 2018 Shrimp Baggins family [42]
Pericompsus bilbo Erwin, 1974 Beetle Bilbo Baggins "These beetles are short and robust much like Bilbo." [43]
Psylla frodobagginsi Martoni, 2019 Psyllid Frodo Baggins [44]
Saurodocus hobbit Yerman & Krapp-Schickel, 2008 Amphipod Hobbits [45]
Shireplitis bilboi Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Bilbo Baggins [6]
Shireplitis frodoi Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Frodo Baggins [6]
Shireplitis meriadoci Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Meriadoc Brandybuck [6]
Shireplitis peregrini Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Peregrin Took [6]
Shireplitis samwisei Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp Samwise Gamgee [6]
Sinopesa gollum Lin & Li, 2021 Spider Gollum "named after Gollum,[...] who lived in a cave, as does this new species" [46]
Smeagol Climo, 1980 Gastropod Gollum (Sméagol) [27][47]
Smeagolia (Hedqvist, 1973) Wasp Gollum (Sméagol) Now revised to Muscidifurax. [27][48]
Syconycteris hobbit Ziegler, 1982 Bat Hobbits [27][49]

Named after Orcs

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Borophagus orc † Webb, 1969 Fossil mammal Orcs [50]
Protungulatum gorgun † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Orcs "Etymology: Gorgûn, the Woses' name for orcs in The Lord of the Rings, with reference to the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation" [16]

Named after the Nazgûl

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Abavorana nazgul Quah et al, 2017 Frog Nazgûl Named "in reference to the 'Nazgûl', characters created by J.R.R. Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings (1954). Also known as Ring-wraiths, they were nine men who succumbed to Sauron’s power and were transformed into white ghostly figures wearing black cloaks—the colouration that the new population being described herein shares." [51]
Acledra nazgul Faúndez, Rider & Carvajal, 2016 True bug Nazgûl "After the fictional Nazgûl characters created by J.R.R. Tolkien, who, mounted on winged creatures, could fly long distances, even on steep peaks; on the other hand, this new species has a wide distribution and dispersal capacity throughout the highlands near the Argentinean Andes, which resembles the behaviour of the Nazgûl." [52][53]
Khamul Gates, 2008 Wasp Khamûl, a Nazgûl [2]
Nazgulia Hedqvist, 1973 Wasp Nazgûl [48]
Potamalpheops nazgul Christodoulou, Iliffe & De Grave, 2019 True shrimp Nazgûl "Named after J.R.R. Tolkienʼs fictional characters, the Nazgul, who dwell in the realm of shadows, akin to the habitat of this new shrimp species" [54]
Tetramorium nazgul Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012 Ant Nazgûl [55]

Named after animals

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Amphiledorus ungoliantae Pekár & Cardoso, 2005 Spider Ungoliant Ungoliant is a giant spider. [56]
Ancalagon Conway Morris, 1977 Priapulid Ancalagon the Black [57]
Ankalagon † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Ancalagon the Black [16]
Claenodon mumak † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Mûmakil, the elephants of Middle-earth [16]
Cnemaspis smaug Pal et al, 2021 Lizard Smaug "The species is named after "Smaug", the dragon from J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel, The Hobbit. The name is derived from the old German verb 'smeuganan' meaning "to creep" or "to squeeze through a hole". The type specimens of this species were found within crevices of rocks and boulders inside the forest. Additionally, like dragons, the dorsum is armoured with large conical tubercles." [58]
Cristaphyes glaurung Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Glaurung [59]
Cristaphyes scatha Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Scatha the Worm [59]
Desmatoclaenus mearae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Mearas, the horses of Rohan [16]
Glaurung † Bulanov & Sennikov, 2015 Weigeltisaurid Glaurung [60]
Gwaihiria Naumann, 1982 Wasp Gwaihir, Lord of the Eagles [15]
Nemesia ungoliant Spider Ungoliant [61]
Ochyrocera laracna Brescovit, Cizauskas & Mota, 2018 Spider Shelob "Laracna" is Shelob's name in Portuguese [62]
Ochyrocera ungoliant Brescovit, Cizauskas & Mota, 2018 Spider Ungoliant [62]
Planois smaug Carvajal, Faúndez & Rider, 2015 True bug Smaug [63][64]
Pycnophyes ancalagon Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Ancalagon the Black [59]
Tamolia ancalagon Carvajal et al, 2015 True bug Ancalagon the Black Named "for Ancalagon the Black, the largest dragon in J. R. R. Tokien’s universe; because of the dark coloration and aspect of this new species, as well as its size compared to many other heteropterans." [65]
Tetramorium smaug Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012 Ant Smaug [55]
Smaug Stanley et al, 2011 Lizard Smaug [66]

Named after other characters

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Beorn † Cooper, 1964 Tardigrade Beorn [67]
Beornia Hedqvist, 1975 Wasp Beorn [68]
Bubogonia bombadili † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Tom Bombadil [16]
Earendil † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Eärendil, a Half-elf [16]
Elachista diorella Kaila, 1999 Moth Dior Eluchíl, a Half-elf [11]
Mimotricentes mirielae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Míriel Ar-Zimraphel, a queen of Númenor [16]
Protoselene bombadili † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Tom Bombadil [16]

Named after Ents

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Entia Hedqvist (1974) Wasp Ents Now revised to Boucekastichus. [69][70]
Fimbrethil † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Fimbrethil, the lost wife of Treebeard [16]
Unicauda fimbrethilae Rosser, 2016 Myxozoan Fimbrethil, the lost wife of Treebeard [71]

Named after objects and locations

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Arctoceras erebori † Piazza, 2017 Ammonoid Erebor, the Lonely Mountain [72]
Astyanax lorien Zanata, Burger & Camelier, 2018 Fish Lothlorien lorien, from the Quenya language meaning "Dream Land", used in allusion to the "beautiful areas" inhabited by the Brazilian species [73]
Cristaphyes dordaidelosensis Sørensen & Grzelak, 2018 Kinorhynch Dor Daidelos Arctic species named for "The Region of Everlasting Cold" in The Silmarillion [59]
Fimbrethil ambaronae † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Ambaróna, a name for the forest Fangorn [16]
Litaletes ondolinde † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Ondolindë, an alternate name of the Elven city Gondolin [16]
Lopholatilus ereborensis Carnevale & Godfrey, 2014 Fish Erebor, the Lonely Mountain [74]
Niphredil † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Niphredil, a flower in Middle Earth [16]
Platymastus palantir † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Palantir [16]
Pseudopallenis palantir Kolibáč, 1997 Beetle Palantir [75]
Shireplitis Fernández-Triana & Ward, 2013 Wasp The Shire [6]
Thangorodrim thalion † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal Thangorodrim "Sindarin (Elvish) thalion, strong. Reference is to the massive morphology of the jaws and the generic name" [16]
Uroplatus fangorn Ratsoavina et al, Scherz, 2020 Gecko Fangorn "The species epithet fangorn is…derived from the name of a deep, dark woodland in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth. Fangorn is a Sindarin word (one of Tolkien’s constructed languages) meaning 'Treebeard' (derived from the Sindarin words fang, meaning beard, and orn, meaning tree); the same name (both as Fangorn and as Treebeard) is also given to the oldest of the Ents, a race of ancient tree shepherds. We use this name in reference not only to the similarities between Fangorn forest and the forests in which the new species occurs, but also to the tree-like appearance of Uroplatus geckos, which make them seem like the 'tree spirits' that are Tolkien’s Ents (Flieger 2013)." [76]

Named after Elvish words

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Taxon Type Named for Notes Ref
Elachista aranella Kaila, 1999 Moth aran- "E. aranella seems to owe its name to aran-, the 'royal prefix used by the Kings of Arthedain after Malvegil and by the Chieftains of the Dúnedain of the North to indicate their claim to all of Arnor'".[77] [11]
Aletodon mellon † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal mellon Mellon is the elvish word for "friend" that opened the doors to Moria [16]
Chriacus calenancus † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal calen, anca "Sindarin (Elvish) calen, green; anca, Jaws. Reference is to inferred herbivory" [16]
Helicops nentur Costa et al, 2016 Snake nen, tur "The name nentur is formed by the (Quenya) words nen (water) and tur (ruler, master)," referencing the aquatic habits of the species [78]
Mimatuta minuial † Van Valen, 1978 Fossil mammal minuial [16]
Vanima Zacca, Casagrande & Mielke, 2020 Butterfly vanima In Quenya (elvish) vanima means beautiful [79]
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