User:Konanen/sandbox

Here, you shall find yet another section to be inserted to Gulf Arabic. I am just not finished yet. And how do I reference a heading without incorporating the reference into the heading?

Assimilation

Assimilation in Gulf Arabic occurs mostly, when /t/ is involved. This pattern can be followed as a general rule of thumb:

• /h/ after /t/ (-t + -h):
  • /t/ is dominant, thus the (medial) sequence of /th/ assimilates to /tt/

    Example: bēt (بيت [beːt̪], "house") + -hin (ـهِن [hin], 3^rd person feminine plural possessive suffix) → bēttin (بيتهِن [ˈbeːt̪ːin], "their(f. pl.) house")

• /t/ before /d/, /s/, /z/, /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/, /θ/, /tˤ/ or /ðˤ/:
  • The /t/ is recessive, fully assimilating with the following consonant:
    • Any word-initial or word-medial sequence of /td/ assimilates to /dd/

      Example: t- (تـ [t̪], Imperfective verb prefix for the 2^nd person) + dawwer (دوِّر [ˈd̪æwːer], "search") → ddawwir (تدوِّر [ˈd̪ːæwːer], "you(m. sg.) search")

    • Any word-initial or medial sequence of /ts/ assimilates to /ss/

      Example: t- (تـ [t̪], Imperfective verb prefix for the 2^nd person) + sīb (سيب [siːb], "leave") → ssīb (تسيب [sːiːb], "you(m. sg.) leave")

    • Any word-initial or medial sequence of /tz/ assimilates to /zz/

      Example: t- (تـ [t̪], imperfective verb prefix for the 3^rd person singular feminine) + ziḫḫ (زخّ [ziχː], "lay hands (on sth./sb.)") → zziḫḫ(i)č (تزخّكِ [ˈzːiχːit͡ʃ], "she lays hands on you(f. sg.)")

    • Any word-initial or medial sequence of // assimilates to //

      Example: t- (تـ [t̪],) + →

    • Any word-initial or medial sequence of // assimilates to //

      Example: t- (تـ [t̪],) + →

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Done

Phonology

Vowels

Following vowel chart applies to the Gulf Arabic dialect continuum:

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i	iː			u	uː
Close-mid		eː			o	oː
Open-mid
Near-open	æ	æː
Open			ä	äː	ɑ	ɑː

Qafisheh stipulates two qualities of /a/

a has a low back quality in the environment of pharyngealized consonants and frequently before or after /q/. This sound is similar to the a sound in father but shorter and farther back. (...) Before or after the pharyngeals 9 [= ʿAyin] and H [= ḥ], or any other plain consonant, a is farther front than the a in father; its quality ranges between the e in pen and the a in pan

— Hamdi A. Qafisheh, A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic, p. 16

. He further explains that these qualities also apply to /aː/, so that [ɑ(ː)]~[ä(ː)]~[æ(ː)] can be assumed therefor.