The term meat industry describes modern industrialized livestock agriculture for production, packing, preservation and marketing of meat (in contrast to dairy products, wool, etc.). In economics, it is a fusion of primary (agriculture) and secondary (industry) activity and hard to characterize strictly in terms of either one alone. Ther greater part of the entire meat industry is termed meat packing industry- the segment that handles the slaughtering, processing, packaging, and distribution of animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep and other livestock.
A great portion of the ever-growing[1] meat branch in the food industry involves intensive animal farming in which livestock are kept almost entirely indoors[2] or in restricted outdoor settings like pens.
Many aspects of the raising of animals for meat have become industrialized, even many practices more associated with smaller family farms, e.g. gourmet foods such as foie gras.[3][4]
Efficiency considerations
editThe livestock industry not only uses more land than any other human activity; it's also one of the largest contributors to water pollution and a huge source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this respect, a relevant factor is the produced species' feed conversion efficiency. Additionally taking into account other factors like use of energy, pesticides, land, and nonrenewable resources, beef, lamb, goat, and bison as resources of red meat show the worst efficiency; poultry and eggs come out best. [5]
Meat sources
edit| type | 1990 | 2000 | 2012 | % change 1990-2012 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle and Buffaloes | 1445 | 1467 | 1684 | 16.5 |
| Pigs | 849 | 856 | 966 | 13.8 |
| Poultry | 11788 | 16077 | 24075 | 104.2 |
| Sheep and Goats | 1795 | 1811 | 2165 | 20.6 |
Global players
edit
Companies
editAmong the largest meat producers worldwide are:
Countries
editBeef
edit| Country | metric tons (2015) | % Of World |
|---|---|---|
| United States | 10,861,000 | 18.58 |
| Brazil | 9,425,000 | 16.13 |
| European Union | 7,540,000 | 12.90 |
| China | 6,750,000 | 11.55 |
| India | 4,200,000 | 7.19 |
| Argentina | 2,740,000 | 4.69 |
| Australia | 2,550,000 | 4.36 |
| Mexico | 1,845,000 | 3.16 |
| Pakistan | 1,725,000 | 2.95 |
| Russia | 1,355,000 | 2.32 |
Criticism
editCritical aspects of the effects of industrial meat production include
- hormone treatment such as steroids and the effect of consuming meat raised with these on human consumers, (see also Beef hormone controversy)[8]
- animal diseases, e.g. mad-cow disease (BSE), avian flu, swine influenza (H1N1), avian influenza (H5N1), foot-and-mouth disease,[1] some of which can spread to human consumers
- cruelty to animals inherent in the meat industry
- obesity - partially due to overconsumption of meat products
- human disease associated with animal waste, e.g. through E. coli
- cost of state services associated with the above including meat inspection and health care
- overall ecological footprint of the meat industry including the raising of feed and animal waste disposal
- heavy use of ground water for feeding animals
- deforestation, extinction and other species loss especially in the Amazon region or other places where beef cattle are raised in what was formerly rainforested land
Many observers[who?] suggest that the expense of dealing with the above are grossly undercounted in present economic metrics and that true/full cost accounting would drastically raise the price[9] of industrial meat.[10][11][12][13]
Possible alternatives
editIncreasing health care costs for an aging baby boom population suffering from obesity and other food-related diseases, concerns about obesity in children have spurred new ideas about healthy nutrition with less emphasis on meat.[14][15][16][17][18]
Native wild species like deer and bison in North America would be cheaper[19] and potentially have less impact on the environment.[20][21] The combination of more wild game meat options and higher costs for natural capital affected by the meat industry could be a building block towards a more sustainable livestock agriculture. A growing trend towards vegetarian or vegan diets and the Slow Food movement are indicators of a changing consumer conscience in western countries. Producers on the other hand have reacted to consumer concerns by slowly shifting towards ecological or organic farming.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Global Meat Production and Consumption Continue to Rise". Worldwatch Institute.
- ^ Paul Ebner. "Modern Livestock Facilities". Purdue University.
- ^ http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/factory-farming/ducks-geese/foie-gras/
- ^ http://www.foiegrasfarms.org/
- ^ Nina Rastogi. "The Kindest Cut - Which meat harms our planet the least?". slate.
- ^ http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/themes/en/meat/backgr_sources.html
- ^ http://beef2live.com/story-world-beef-production-ranking-countries-0-106885
- ^ "Steroid Hormone Implants Used for Growth in Food-Producing Animals". FAO. 2015.
- ^ http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/animal-products/animal-production-marketing-issues/retail-meat-prices-price-spreads.aspx
- ^ "Food wastage footprint - Full cost accounting" (PDF). FAO. 2014.
- ^ "Unfair fare: Why prices for meat from small local farms are too high".
- ^ "Getting Real About the High Price of Cheap Food". TIME. 2009.
- ^ "The Triple Whopper Environmental Impact of Global Meat Production". TIME. 2013.
- ^ Joan Sabaté and Michelle Wien (2010). "Vegetarian diets and childhood obesity prevention". Am J Clin Nutr. 91 (5). American Society for Nutrition: 1525S–1529S.
- ^ Y Wang and MA Beydoun (2009). "Meat consumption is associated with obesity and central obesity among US adults". Int J Obes (Lond). 33 (6): 621–628. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.45. PMC 2697260.
- ^ "Meatless meals: The benefits of eating less meat". Mayo Clinic.
- ^ "Should You Eat Less Meat?".
- ^ "How to reduce your cancer risk and help the environment: Eat less red meat". CNN. 2015.
- ^ "Hunting vs Buying Meat: The Traditional Hunter in the Modern World". harvestingnature.com. 2012.
- ^ Kelsey Blackwell (2011). "Are bison the answer to sustainable meat?".
- ^ Chris Helzer (2014). "Bison Good, Cattle Bad??".