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editThe Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale (VADRS) is a psychological self-report assessment tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and their effects on behavior and academic performance in children ages 6–12. This measure was developed by Mark Wolraich at the Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and includes items related to other disorders often comorbid with ADHD.[1] There are two versions available: a parent form that contains 55 questions, and a teacher form that contains 43 questions. Shorter follow-up versions of the VADRS are also available for parents and teachers and consists of 26 questions with an additional 12 side effect measures. Comparing scores from the different versions of the VADRS with other psychological measures have suggested the scores have good but limited reliability and validity across multiple samples.[2][3][non-primary source needed] The VADRS has only been recently developed, however, so clinical application of the measure is limited.
Reliability
edit| Criterion | Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) | Explanation with references |
|---|---|---|
| Norms | TBD | Norms have been collected for large samples of children in elementary school with the teacher version, but norms for a clinical sample have not been reported.[1] |
| Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha, split half, etc.) | Good | Cronbach's alpha was over .90 for all of the subscales in many studies.[1][2] |
| Inter-rater reliability | TBD | A meta analysis reported low inter-rater reliability between the parent and teacher VADRS scores, but more research is needed to analyze inter-rater reliability for the relatively new VADRS.[1] |
| Test-retest reliability | Adequate | A meta analysis conducted by Bard, who extrapolated data, demonstrated that the test-retest reliability exceeded .80 for all summed scale scores in elementary school children populations with a time span of about a year. |
| Test-repeatability | TBD | Data has not been collected for test repeatability. |
Validity
edit| Criterion | Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*) | Explanation with references |
|---|---|---|
| Content validity | Adequate | The VADRS contains items typical of ADHD measures that are also based on DSM-IV criteria in addition to items relating to other behaviors and disorders likely in children sucha s general school functioning and conduct disorder.[1] |
| Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) | Adequate | Both the parent and teacher versions of the VADRS have shown high concurrent validity with similar measures with anxiety subscales like the C-DISC-IV in clinical and non-clinical samples.[2] |
| Discriminative validity | TBD | Data has not been collected for the VADRS. |
| Validity generalization | TBD | The current data on the VADRS have been fairly localized, so more research is needed to observe the measure's use in different settings and with different demographics. |
| Treatment sensitivity | TBD | In Bard’s study, he found that the VADPRS produced a sensitivity of .80. However more evidence from multiple studies must be gathered to reach a definite conclusion. |
| Clinical utility | Adequate | Studies have shown that it has been widely implemented among various populations. Different versions that have developed as well. |
Development and history
editThe VADRS was developed by Wolraich with the aim to add common comorbid conditions associated with ADHD that was lacking from previous assessments.[1][4] As public awareness of ADHD has increased, epidemiological studies have found a prevalence rate of 4-12% in children of ages 6-12 throughout the United States. Not only is ADHD the most commonly encountered childhood-onset disorder in neurodevelopment, there is also a high comorbidity rate linking ADHD with other behavioral, emotional and learning problems and disabilities.[5] As a need to obtain a defined population sample due to a lack of funds, Wolraich invented the teacher VADRS. The teacher rating scales allowed Wolraich to have all the kids in one class be sampled by one teacher and to increase communication between physicians and teachers.[4]
Impact
editThere is a high comorbidity of learning disorders (LDs) in children with ADHD, and for that reason the VADRS has been studied to determine if the performance item questions on the VARS can reliably predict if the child with ADHD has a comorbid LD (e.g. math, reading, spelling LDs). Results of a ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis show that children with ADHD can be reliably ruled out from have a comorbid LD based on the performance items on the VARS. This is clinically useful because it allows those without LDs to be ruled out and therefore reduce the amount of unnecessary referrals to healthcare professionals.[6]
Limitations
editThe VADRS is a fairly new instrument with incomplete data on reliability and validity, and consequently, its use in a clinical population has not been fully analyzed. Additionally, normative data has only been collected in a localized population and only for the teacher version. Relating to the measure itself, its comorbidity subscales are not based on the DSM-IV like the rest of the measure, and the current incarnation of the VADRS has not been adapted for DSM-5 criteria.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f COLLETT, BRENT R.; OHAN, JENEVA L.; MYERS, KATHLEEN M. (September 2003). "Ten-Year Review of Rating Scales. V: Scales Assessing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 42 (9): 1015–1037. doi:10.1097/01.CHI.0000070245.24125.B6.
- ^ a b c Wolraich, Mark L.; Lambert, Warren; Doffing, Melissa A.; Bickman, Leonard; Simmons, Tonya; Worley, Kim (2003-12-01). "Psychometric Properties of the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale in a Referred Population". Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 28 (8): 559–568. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsg046. ISSN 0146-8693.
- ^ Bard, DE; Wolraich, ML; Neas, B; Doffing, M; Beck, L (February 2013). "The psychometric properties of the Vanderbilt attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnostic parent rating scale in a community population". Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP. 34 (2): 72–82. doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31827a3a22. PMID 23363972.
- ^ a b Wolraich, Mark (24 August 2015). "A Retrospective: The Development and Use of the Vanderbilt ADHD Behavior Rating Scales". NICHQ Blog. National Institute for Children's Health Quality. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
- ^ Brown, Ronald T.; Freeman, Wendy S.; Perrin, James M.; Stein, Martin T.; Amler, Robert W.; Feldman, Heidi M.; Pierce, Karen; Wolraich, Mark L. (2001-03-01). "Prevalence and Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Care Settings". Pediatrics. 107 (3): e43–e43. doi:10.1542/peds.107.3.e43. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 11230624.
- ^ Langberg, Joshua M.; Vaughn, Aaron J.; Brinkman, William B.; Froehlich, Tanya; Epstein, Jeffery N. (2010-11-01). "Clinical Utility of the Vanderbilt ADHD Rating Scale for Ruling Out Comorbid Learning Disorders". Pediatrics. 126 (5): e1033–e1038. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1267. ISSN 0031-4005.