User:Katamaritaco/sandbox

Intro at the top

Some Content. Practically no citations.

Info Box to the Right

Can add 'era' (other pidgins have that).

Demographics and Distribution

People that didn't have access to German materials - WHEN. WHAT LANGUAGES DID THEY SPEAK. WAS IT IN CITIES OR EVERYWHERE?

Origins (History)

Some Content. No cites.

Namibia has a rich diversity of original peoples and languages. By the time of German colonization in 1884, Afrikaans already had started to replace Malay as language in Muslim schools in SA, using the Arabic alphabet. Around 1850, Latin alphabet was used and in 1875 there was a Genootskap vir Regte Afrikaanders (Society for Real Afrikaners) was established. During this time, many groups already lived in what is now Namibia - Nama that spoke Khoekhoe, Hereros that spoke Herero, and Reheboth Basters, Orlam Tribes, and Boers all of which speaking a form of dutch or proto-Afrikaans.

In 1884, Otto von Bismarck claimed the land as a colony of Germany, thereby establishing German South West Africa. From 1884 to 1915 the territory was under German rule, where the only official language was German. South Africa, took over GSWA in 1915 during WWI, but schools were still taught in German, and language privileges prevailed until about 1919. In 1916, the German newspaper Der Kriegsbote (now Allgemeine Zeitung) was founded, although attitudes towards German people diminished to the point that half of the German population was moved out of the country between 1919 and 1920. Also in 1920, Dutch (now Afrikaans) and English replaced German to be the new official languages of Namibia. While white Germans had access to formal education in the language, the rest of the country had to learn the language through limited access to German and was mostly confined to work environments.

In 1984, German was added as an official language, until Namibia became independent from South Africa, in which English was declared the only official language.

Now, around 30,000 Namibians speak German as their first language, and several tens of thousands of Namibians speak German as a second or third language.

Examples

Some Content -> no direct citation

Prepositions

Some Content -> no direct citation

NOTES: Afrikaans was called kitchen dutch as a derogatory term in its earlier days. kombuistaal. also in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans#History

useful links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Namibia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language_in_Namibia#Namibian_German_as_a_dialect https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans#History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_language https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South-West_Africa

Also, can look into this..... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_Swahili http://www.jstor.org/stable/30027756?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_Swahili

DONEIntro at the top

Settla (Kisetla), or Settler Swahili, is a Swahili pidgin mainly spoken in large European settlements in Kenya and Zambia. It is used mainly by native English speaking European colonists for communication with the native Swahili speakers.

Info Box to the Right

can add 'era'? -> earliest at least 1933. -> Green Hills of Africa Hemingway;

DONEOrigins (History)

Due to British colonization in the region, there has been a complex relationship between English and the native languages of the countries. See History of Kenya and History of Zambia for more details.

DONE Phonology

Vowels

Settla appears to have a similar vowel system as compared to standard Swahili.

Consonants

Settla contains a different and more reduced set of consonants than standard Swahili.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar / palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/		n /n/	ny /ɲ/	ng /ŋ/
Stop	Plosive	b /b/		d /d/	j /j/	g /g/
	Tenuis	p /p/		t /t/	ch /tʃ/	k /k/
	Aspirated	(p /pʰ/)		(t /tʰ/)	(ch /tʃʰ/)	(k /kʰ/)
Fricative	Voiced	v /v/	dh /ð/	z /z/
	Voiceless	f /f/	th /θ/	s /s/	sh /ʃ/		h /h/
Flap				r /ɾ/
Approximant				l /l/	y /j/	w /w/

Notes:

• Voiceless stops p, t, and k are often more aspirated in Settla when compared to standard Swahili. This is particularly true when these stops are in word-initial position or require more articulation.

• For some /k/ in standard Swahili, Settla uses /g/. example: piga hit pika cook in standard and piga hit, cook in Settla.

• Settla lacks the implosive variants b /ɓ/, d /ɗ/, j /ʄ/, and g /ɠ/.

• /f/ and /v/ in Settla feature a different allophonic distribution than in standard Swahili. For example, in standard Swahili ndovu(elephant), nguvu(strength), and mbovu(rotten) must feature v, whereas in Settla, both words for elephant and strength can freely use either f or v: ndovu/ndofu, nguvu/ngufu. However rotten mbovu must always use a /v/ in Settla.

• Some dialects of Swahili feature dh /ð/, th /θ/, gh /ɣ/, and kh /x/, however these do not occur in Settla. th /θ/, dh /ð/ are usually merged into s and z respectively, while gh /ɣ/ is always merged into g. kh /x/ will always merge into either k or h, with there seeming to be a preference towards the corresponding English form. Since gh /ɣ/ and kh /x/ are changed, typical Arabic loanwords that feature those segments are practically never used in Settla.

• The nasal velar /ŋ/ does not occur by itself in Settla as it does in standard Swahili. /ŋ/ alternates between a stop g, and a nasal ŋ plus stop g.

Morphology

A thorough investigation into the morphology of Settla has not occurred, but there can be some general patterns that hold true. NOTE: Add in some more 3.3.10/11

Noun Classes

Settla features a noun class system that differs from standard Swahili, which like most Bantu languages contains a rich noun class system. Since most Settla speakers are native speakers of English, which lacks a complex noun class system, Settla appears to also have a less complex noun class system than standard Swahili. Although there needs to be more research on the specifics, it can be concluded that the speakers of Settla do not disregard this system, but their patterns do most certainly differ from standard Swahili.

In Settla:

• n- nouns are identical.
• m-/mi- and ji-/ma- classes only occur in the plural form.
• ki-/vi- and m-/wa- classes tend to occur in singular form.
• nouns that feature an initial nasal followed by a stop undergo epenthesis of a vowel.

Concordial Agreement

Numeral adjectives and certain adverbial forms do not always feature concordial agreement like in standard Swahili.

Affixes

Swahili is an agglutinative language, which gives rise to a complex structure for verbs in the form of affixes. Unlike standard Swahili, Settla verbs do not feature any negative, subject marking, relative pronoun marking, or object marking affixes. However, Settla can still convey these aspects by using other words and not verb-bound affixes.

For example, if one looks at personal pronoun subject marking in standard Swahili, one would find that these subject affixes are required for the verb. In Settla, in a form that perhaps mimics English, these affixes are absent and replaced by outside personal pronoun nouns, which only rarely occurs in standard Swahili. Given the personal pronouns of Settla:

	Singular				Plural
Language	First Person	Second Person	Third Person		First Person	Second Person	Third Person
English	I	you	he, she	it, that	we	you (y'all)	they
Settla	mimi ~ mi	wewe ~ we	yeye ~ ye	ile	sisi	(ninyi)	(wao)

We can see that in standard Swahili, the definite time marker attaches closer to the verb stem as opposed to the subject prefix, and that the 3pl marking affix is also present in the verb. In Settla, the 3pl affix is removed, forcing the definite time affix to only attach to the verb directly, and the pronoun used is yeye (he / she), since wao (they) appears to be fairly absent in Settla.

Standard Swahili:

wao	wa-	-na-	kaa
They	3pl	DEF. TIME	sit

'They are sitting'

Settla:

yeye	na-	kaa
They (He/She)	DEF. TIME	sit

'They are sitting'

• Affixes marking an object that are featured in standard Swahili are also replaced by separate words in Settla.

• As opposed to direct objects, indirect objects in standard Swahili are given precedence to be marked. This indirect object must also feature a dative case suffix. In Settla, the dative suffix is omitted, and the syntactic structure mimics English again, like in the example above.

• Standard Swahili features many ways of negativizing verbs (including marking a verb with an affix), whereas Settla uses the word hapana (commonly meaning 'no' in standard Swahili) in a more free manner (generally mimicing English syntax)to negativize the verb that follows.

• As noted above, Settla lacks verb constructions that generally feature a complement affix in standard Swahili. However the one large exception occurs where standard Swahili would feature a subjunctive, the Settla form of the verb would take on the infinitive prefix ku- (to in English). One brief exception to this exception though, is that the prepostiion kwa is sometimes used to indicate purpose, and therefore appears to form a restriction between kwa and ku- cooccuring.

• Many other affixes within a standard swahili verb are replaced within Settla.

• iko, a locative verb in standard Swahili is expanded in Settla. It is used more generally as a locative, ignoring other more specific affixes that would occur in standard. Iko may also be used in Settla as a copula alternating with ni or null.

• Tense in Settla is heavily reduced to only 3 forms (Standard has 11). na-, the present tense affix often can mean future tense as well. The tense of a phrase is generally determined contextually.

NOTE: I have more examples but I'm not sure if it is cool to use them?

DONE Lexicon

Settla's lexicon is considered to be on a continuum between the two official languages of Kenya: standard Swahili and English. The lexicon is also heavily influenced by geographical, social, and emotional factors. Although geography factors into the lexicon, it is unknown if Settla features different dialects between geographical areas.

It is not uncommon for parts of Settla speech to be in a bantuized version of English, and in fact sometimes whole sentences can come out in English. Due to the rise of English education in Kenya, it is possible for communication to feature more and more English words and phrases.

DONE Usage In Popular Culture

Settla can be seen spoken in Ernest Hemingway's nonfiction work Green Hills of Africa.

notes n refs

Note: I can look into this: https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999688133302121 as well -> says may be spoken in other places too.

http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5419 -> says spoken in "Central province: north of Lusaka city."

Notes: kivita, kishamba, kihindi can add as wiki pages. also add to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swahili-based_pidgins_and_creoles

Same as kihindi? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutchi-Swahili

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Swahili-based_pidgins_and_creoles

refs: http://www.amazon.com/Something-Value-Robert-Ruark/dp/1571572805 http://www.amazon.com/Green-Hills-Africa-Ernest-Hemingway/dp/0684801299 http://www.amazon.com/Uhuru-Robert-Ruark/dp/1568490259 Paper

LOL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zambia The section for 'colonial history' keeps getting changed to wiener and boob.