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User:Jnestorius/Second Dáil continuity

< User:Jnestorius

<Second Dáil <Irish republican legitimatism

See also: User:Jnestorius/Comhairle na dTeachtaí
Timeline
Date Event Notes Refs
1921-05-10 First Dáil motion re election Adopted unanimously:
  1. That the Parliamentary elections which are to take place during the present month be regarded as elections to Dáil Eireann.
  2. That all deputies duly returned at these elections be regarded as members of Dáil Eireann and allowed to take their seats on subscribing to the proposed Oath of Allegiance.
  3. That the present Dáil dissolve automatically as soon as the new body has been summoned by the President and called to order.
  4. That the Ministry remain in power until the new Dáil has met and will thereupon resign their portfolios through the President.
 [1]
1921-05-24 Election
1921-07-11 Truce in Irish War of Independence
1921-08-16 Second Dáil meets De Valera said "Until the moment the Speaker left the Chair, the old Dáil was in session. The new Dáil is in session now." [2]
1921-12-06 Treaty signed
1922-01-07 Treaty vote
1922-01-14 Ratification by "Members elected for constituencies in Southern Ireland" Photos purportedly taken that day of separate groups of pro- and anti- members are in The Capuchin Annual[3] Whyte's claims the pro-Treaty photo was "Probably taken in February 1922 at the Mansion House",[4] but there are precisely 64 people in it, so I think not. Also a photo from inside the Oak Room.[5]
1922-05-20 Pact and election approved

Collins–De Valera pact:—

  1. That a National Coalition Panel for this Third Dáil, representing both Parties in the Dáil, and in the Sinn Féin Organisation, be sent forward on the ground that the national position requires the entrusting of the Government of the country into the joint hands of those who have been the strength of the national situation during the last few years, without prejudice to their present respective positions.
  2. That this Coalition Panel be sent forward as from the Sinn Féin Organisation, the number for each Party being their present strength in the Dáil.
  3. That the Candidates be nominated through each of the existing Party Executives.
  4. That every and any interest is free to go up and contest the election equally with the National Sinn Féin Panel.
  5. That constituencies where an election is not held shall continue to be represented by their present Deputies.
  6. That after the election the Executive shall consist of the President, elected as formerly, the Minister of Defence, representing the Army, and nine other Ministers, five from the majority Party and four from the minority, each Party to choose its own nominees. The allocation will be in the hands of the President.
  7. That in the event of the Coalition Government finding it necessary to dissolve, a General Election will be held as soon as possible on Adult Suffrage.

Motion by Grffith put and carried unanimously:

Subject to the agreement arrived at between the Minister of Finance and Deputy de Valera and approved by Dáil Éireann an election is hereby declared for the following constituencies:—
(1) Mid. Dublin; (2) North-West Dublin; (3) South City (Dublin); (4) Borough of Cork; (5) Cavan; (6) Donegal; (7) Monaghan; (8) Dublin; (9) Offaly, Leix; (10) Kildare, Wicklow; (11) Wexford; (12) Carlow, Kilkenny; (13) Longford, Westmeath; (14) Louth, Meath; (15) Clare; (16) East Limerick, Borough of Limerick; (17) Kerry, West Limerick; (18) Cork East, Cork North East; (19) North Cork, Mid. Cork, West Cork, South Cork, South East Cork; (20) Tipperary, [480] East Waterford, Borough of Waterford; (21) North Tipperary, Mid. Tipperary, South Tipperary; (22) Galway; (23) North Mayo, West Mayo; (24) South Mayo, South Roscommon; (25) East Mayo, Sligo, (26) Leitrim, North Roscommon; (27) National University; (28) Dublin University; dates as follows:— Nominations, 6th June, 1922; Polling, 16th June, 1922.
 [6]
1922-05-27 Proclamation for election In the Matter of the Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland signed at London on the 6th day of December, 1921, and the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act, 1921.
By the Irish Provisional Government.

A PROCLAMATION DECLARING THE CALLING OF A PARLIAMENT IN IRELAND.

WHEREAS We, Micheal O Coileain, Liam T. Mac Cosgair, Eamon O Dugain, Padraig O hOgain, Fionan O Loinsigh, Seosamh Mag Craith, Eoin Mac Neill and Caoimhghin O hUigin have been duly constituted a Provisional Government pursuant to Article 17 of the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland signed at London on the 6th day of December, 1921, and set forth in the Schedule to an Act entitled the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act, 1922.
And Whereas the said Act contains provisions with respect to the holding of an Election and the constitution of a House of Parliament to which we, the said Provisional Government, shall be responsible.
Now we, the said Provisional Government, pursuant to the provisions of the said Act and being desirous and resolved to meet the people of Ireland and have their advice in Parliament do hereby make known to all our decision to call the said Parliament; and do hereby further declare that we have given order that, upon notice thereof, summonses shall be issued forthwith in due form calling the said Parliament to meet at the City of Dublin on the first day of July next.
Published at Dublin this 27th day Of May, 1922.
 [7]
1922 Pact election
1922-06-30 1st prorogation from 1922-07-01 until 1922-07-15 [7]
1922-07-12 2nd prorogation until 1922-07-29 [7]
1922-07-19 George Noble Plunkett applies to Supreme Dáil Courts for habeas corpus for his son George Oliver Plunkett, arrested fleeing the Four Courts. Affidavitt alleges breach of Republican oath invalidates Treaty and Provisional Government Judge Crowley makes conditional order to Colm Ua Murchadha (Mountjoy Prison governor) and Richard Mulcahy (Minister for Defence -- in which government?) to attend court on July 26[8]
1922-07-25 Mulcahy informs Crowley that order establishing Supreme Court has been rescinded [8]
1922-07-26 Crowley holds Mulcahy and Ua Murchadha in contempt and orders their arrest George Gavan Duffy resigns in solidarity.[8]
1922-07-26 3rd prorogation until 1922-08-12 [7]
1922-08-04 Crowley acts again shortly afterwards he is arrested.[8]
1922-08-10 4th prorogation until 1922-08-26 [7]
1922-08-11 Dáil supreme court rules that Ceann Comhairle of Second Dáil must explain why not recalled[9]
1922-08-12 Dev writes to Liam Lynch Three reasons to reconvene:[9]
  1. rallying point
  2. continuity
  3. claim Dáil funds in USA
1922-08-16 to 17 IRA Executive Council meets Calls on Dev to "preserve the continuity of the Republic"
1922-08-24 5th prorogation until 1922-09-09 [7]
1922-09-09 Third Dáil meets [7]
1922-10-22 (or was it 25[9]) Second Dáil meets Appoints Dev President; anti-Treaty IRA recognises republican government [10]
1924-07 Comhairle na dTeachtaí meets As Dev released from internment.
1925-11-15 IRA withdraws support from Second Dáil Resolution sponsored by Peadar O'Donnell. The IRA's amended constitution declared that the General Army Convention was to be 'the Supreme Army Authority'; that the Army Council would fulfil this role 'when a General Convention is not in Session'; and that only when a government was 'functioning as the de facto Government of the Republic' would the IRA hand over the keys of legitimacy to another body.

IRA also deposed Frank Aiken as leader; both moves came because proto-FF element of SF/2nd Dáil was floating oath-contingent Free State participation. O'Donnell's aim was pragmatic, to move away from "abstract and increasingly irrelevant purism of the Second Dáil" So it was ironic that "a resolution which had tried to steer republicans away from an obsession with questions of theoretical legitimacy was accepted precisely because it facilitated the excommunication by the legitimist faithful of those apostates who were considering acquiescence under the usurping regime."

[11][12]
1929 "recent political discussions which had been publicised between the leaders of the IRA and the Second Dáil Éireann" Army Council protested to Clan na Gael at alleged withholding of funds owing to discussions [13]
1938 Remaining members of Second Dáil cede power to IRA Army Council The IRA had reached out to Second Dáil to drum up support for planned bombing campaign in Britain [14]

Comhairle na dTeachtaí edit

< Comhairle na dTeachtaí It seems this was not formally established until after .

Mac Eoin edit

Date Comment Page
16 July 1924 De Valera was released from detention on , whereupon "50 of the T.D membership and others convened at Sinn Féin headquarters" (p. 105) This was after the 1923 election, so included 3rd Dáil and 4th Dáil. Dev "was happy to accept the title of President of the Republic, referring to the Free State as the 'present junta'." (p.105) Ministers Austin Stack for Home Affairs and Finance; Art O'Connor for Economic Affairs and Local Government; Frank Aiken for Defence; Patrick Ruttledge and Robert Barton, without portfolio; and Sean T. O'Kelly as cathoirleach. (p.106) 105-6
1924 Sean Lemass, republican Minister for Defence in early 1926 (p.125) and in 1924 (p.233) but Aiken was in 1925 (p.244 -- recte Chief of Staff; pp.1, 909) 909
10 December 1925 The meeting in the Rotunda to protest the Boundary Commission on is sometimes called a Comhairle na dTeachtaí meeting. The number of republican deputies present is given various as 43 (p.124) 44 (p.125) and 48 (p.126); a footnote on p.125 says the 144 were "as elected in August 1923" and the 48 "includes Six County deputies". 124-6
14 November 1925 IRA's Dalkey Convention of removed Aiken as Chief of Staff and severed connection with second Dáil 139
September 1929 J.J. O'Kelly 'Sceilg’ as 'Ceann Comhairle Dáil Éireann’ 169
27 April 1929 Only weeks after he had been among the 17 deputies attending the Second Dáil in the Rotunda, Austin Stack died 162
1928 In 1928 when the Second Dáil Sinn Féin still had a quorum of 23 deputies, a group photograph was taken in Dublin, the photograph being still (1987) upon the wall of the home of the last survivor Tom Maguire; the caption underneath lists their names as follows:- Pat Shanahan, Prof. Stockley. Mrs. O'Callaghan, Art O'Connor, J.J. O'Kelly, Miss Mac Swiney, Daithi Ceannt, Count Plunkett, Brian O'Higgins, Count O'Byrne, Eamonn Deale, Seamus Lennon, F.G. Colivet, Austin Stack, Charles Murphy, Sean O'Mahoney, Dr. Ada English, Thomas O'Donoghue, Dr. Crowley, Tom Maguire, Sean Mac Swiney, Sean O'Farrell, Brian Mellows, Mrs Cathal Brugha, Eileen Tubbert, stenographer, and Councillor Joe Clarke, courier. Sean O'Farrell, although included, was not a member of the Second Dáil." 893
January 1929 Comhairle na Poblachta launched by January 1929 IRA convention "to link the I.R.A with Sinn Féin and Cumann na mBan", but failed. 37-38
April 1929 death of Austin Stack accelerated decline of Sinn Féin and the Second Dáil, which "however continued to style itself Government of the Irish Republic, and towards the end of the year, protested to Pope Pius XI when the Vatican received an envoy from the Free State. Mary MacSwiney launched her new Constitution, while the group even discussed the re-establishment-of Republican courts and employment exchanges but lack of personnel and of finance prevented them taking these ambitions further." 37-38
1930 Father Michael O'Flanagan remained the most radical voice, but his case for a change of direction failed to sway the traditionalists, MacSwiney, J.J.O'Kelly 'Sceilg' and Brian O'Higgins Brian na Banban. 37-38
1931 IRA promoted Saor Éire in opposition to Sinn Féin. 37-38
1929 More on Comhairle na Poblachta : "There was discord within Sinn Féin, between 'the government' and the Second Dáil; between the principled purity of 'Sceilg’ and Mary Mac Swiney, and the faintly pliant stance of Fr. O’Flanagan and the girls of Cumann na mBan." 157
1924 Sinn Féin plan in : "If the Party continued to progress in this manner the plan discussed was, that on refusing to take an Oath, they would, as a majority party, enter and proclaim again the Republic. Sinn Féin, as the Second Dáil, continued to meet occasionally: the membership, enlarged by elections since May 1921 could be convened as Comhairle na d'Teachtai (Council of the Members)." 109
November 1927 "Plagued by self doubt as to his future career, [Art] O'Connor relinquished the presidency in November 1927, and eventually broke completely with his colleagues by practising law in the Free State.'" (quote from Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal) 135 fn,
1928 Peadar O'Donnell in An Phoblacht attacked "the Second Dáil position" saying "was not a workers' group, and it was not representative of Irish Republicanism." 149
1928 Sean Moylan, Sean Buckley, Kathleen Lynn still with SF, later with FF. 150
20 January 1929 "The Sinn Féin Second Dáil met formally on Saturday, January 20 [1929], in the Rotunda Theatre, with the following deputies present:- S. Ua Ceallaigh ('Sceilg'), Máire Mac Suibhne, Count Plunkett, Briain Ó h-Uiginn, Daithi Ceannt, Aibhistin de Staic, Professor Stockley, Sean O'Mahony, Seamus Lennon*, Sean Mac Swiney, a brother of Mary, Tom Maguire of Mayo, Cathal Ó Murchadha, Dr. J. A. Madden, Sean O'Farrell, Mrs. Brugha, Brian Mellows, Dr. Kathleen Lynn and Eileen Tubbert, acting as secretary, was also present. [fn: Dr. K. Lynn and Dr. J. A Madden were not members of the Second Dáil, but had been elected later.] The first draft of a new constitution was read to them; the Constitution of the Republic of Ireland, by Mary Mac Swiney, with 150 members of the public looking on." 158
1931 SF Ard Fheis "a harmless side-show, in their drawing room at Parnell Square"; Mary Mac Swiney spoke for "Dáil Éireann" in opposing Saor Éire. 202
1934 March 23 SF convened a "Provisional Advisory Council" qua SF and called for a "National Advisory Council" qua Second Dáil ["with no more than a dozen of the 1918 and 1921 elected members"] 280
28 November 1934 'Big' John O'Mahony "remained an active member of the Second Dáil" died 314
1938 "Second Dáil Hands Over: Such shadowey powers as still reposed in the Second Dáil, were handed over to the I.R.A on December 8, in the home of Mary Mac Swiney in Glanmire. The occasion, although not covered in daily newspapers, is described in that issue of Brian O'Higgins' Wolfe Tone Weekly. The Army Council minutes of December 4, printed in Sean Cronin's Irish Nationalism, notes that Brian O Higgins and Mary Mac Swiney, were 'favourable', while Count Plunkett, J.J. O Kelly ( Sceilg) and Cathal Ó Murchadha, appeared merely to go along with the proposal. Professor Stockley was ill, while Tom Maguire was absent. As Charlotte H Fallon in Soul o f Fire describes it; with Mary's encouragement a decision was reached and a formal statement issued in which the surviving members of the Second Dáil transferred their authority to the Irish Republican Army." 409
14 November 1925 "At a General Army Convention held in the Queen's Hotel, Dalkey, on November 14, 1925, there then being twelve upon the Executive and seven upon the Council, on the motion of Peadar O'Donnell the I.R.A severed its association with the Second Dáil. They accepted also a new constitution drafted by Frank Aiken, and a form of undertaking, instead of an oath." 659 n.3
14 November 1925 "According to George Gilmore, speaking to this writer, Plunkett helped to unseat Aiken by confronting him with the charge that he was one of those considering entering the Free State Parliament. It was then that the I.R.A, as a result, ceased, on the proposal of Peadar O'Donnell to acknowledge the authority of the Second Dáil. They did however adopt new standing orders on non-recognition of courts - prepared by Aiken - which held them in a straight jacket for decades." 853
1929 Moss Twomey was "not keen on the Second Dáil masquerade". 838

Other notes and docs edit

Army Council account of April 1927 meeting, published bby Free State and read into Dáil record 1927-07-26, re proposals for SF-FF alliance at June 1927 Irish general election:

Section 3(3): Each panel candidate shall sign a pledge and an undertaking, pledging undivided allegiance to the Republic of Ireland proclaimed on Easter Monday, 1916, and by law established on the 21st day of January, 1919
Section 6: The Second Dáil Eireann and the present Republican Government shall retain their present position until a Government functions as the de facto Government of the Republic of Ireland.

1927 IRA Constitution Article 5: provides for Army Council to delegate power to, and Army Convention to declare allegiance to, "a de facto government of the republic"; former where "actively endeavouring" latter where actually "functioning".

Stationery Office 1930:[15]

  • 'Document "A" purports to be a note of the proceedings of a meeting held on the 18th and 19th December, 1926 of a body calling itself Comhairle na dTeachtai.'
  • 'Document "B" purports to be a note of the proceedings of a meeting held on the 10th December, 1927 of a body calling itself Dail Eireann."'

'Decree to establish the validity of certain acts done and omissions made by Comhairle na dTeachtai' [between 1924 and 1926]

BMH Sidney Czira papers (CD186) include (Group 13):[16]

  • Dáil Éireann accounts July 1924-June 1925, and minutes of 28 June 1925 meeting
  • Opinion of counsel and questions by Art O'Connor on status of Comhairle na dTeachtai , 28 October 1926
  • Dáil Éireann minutes and manifesto of 10 Dec 1927 meeting

UCD De Valera papers P150[17]

  • secs 20-26 P150/1679 to P150/1949

UCD Seán Macentee papers[18]

  • P67/91 1926 "Copies of 3 Dáil decrees concerning the membership of Comhairle na dTeachtai and of Dáil Éireann, and the position of President of the Republic."

T. Ryle Dwyer[19]

One of his first tasks was to do something about the Emergency Government, which had supposedly been set up by "the faithful members" of the second Dáil. A number of new Republican deputies who had not been members of the latter, had since been elected in June 1922 or August 1923, but they had no legal standing within the Emergency set-up, as the second Dáil was still supposedly the de jure parliament. Faced with the difficulty of finding a proper role for the new deputies , de Valera proposed replacing the Council of State with Comhairle na dTeachtaí, which the second Dáil could then authorise to function as 'the actual government of the country'. In short, the second Dáil would be the de jure government, while Comhairle na dTeachtaí would, in theory, be the de facto one. Yet de Valera personally accepted the Free State Dáil as the de facto government of the country, with the result that what he was really saying was that Republicans should consider Comhairle na dTeachtaí as the de jure de facto government, and the Free State parliament at Leinster House the de facto de facto government.

"shadow government" 1923-4 gave "particular attention" to "finance, health care, education and roads".[20] De Valera was taken aback in July 1924 to find Mary MacSwiney's hardline view predominant in SF. Meeting of 2nd + 3rd + 4th Dáil republicans agreed only 2nd Dáil was legitimate govt of Republic.[21] Late 1925 events precipitating change, each partly spurred by the previous one:[22]

  1. failure of Boundary Commission;
  2. Dev's feelers on abstentionism;
  3. withdrawal of IRA support from 2nd Dáil; possible causes:
    1. stay aloof from impending SF split and/or De Valera wing
    2. revolutionary wing triumph over political wing

After founding of FF, Dev wanted "To relegate Dáil Éireann [i.e. the second Dáil] to a mythical region where it might get some formal recognition, but with a clear understanding that it should claim no right, nor try to exercise any."[quoting Dev public, Dev private, or opponent?][23]

SF Ard Chomhairle in May 1926 called on FF TDS to submit their resignations from the Second Dáil to the Ceann Comhairle.[24]

SF meeting [ardfheis? election?] in Rotunda 11 June 1926 introduced Art O'Connor as President of the Irish Republic. Some cheers at mention of De Valera.[25]

Pyne, Peter (1976). "The new Irish state and the decline of the republican Sinn Féin party, 1923–26". Éire-Ireland: A Journal of Irish Studies. 11 (3): 33–65.

In 1977 Paddy Smith fondly remembered "the comradeship in the small headquarters off Grafton Street of Cumann na dTeachtai, the association of abstenrtionist Sinn Feiners";[26] I suspect this was the then SF HQ, not a separate premises?

Irish Times reported Garda seizure of IRA Army Council document proposing 1927 election pact between SF and FF based on loyalty to Republic and rejection of oath; SF agreed, FF didn't.[27]

IT 1927/0822/Pg004 Mary MacSwiney has figure of 77 executees

IT 1927/0823/Pg007 after failed confidence motion, Labour clarifies it would not unilaterally abolish the oath; 3 SF TDs deny rumours it will follow FF in. FF had 2 NIMPs, rumours they would also sit. 1927/0824/Pg007 4th of 5 SF TDs denies


Electoral deposits form 1918 and 1921 were not automatically refunded to successful candidates. Sinn Féin was short of funds in 1925 and sought refunds in the Free State courts. The courts ruled (after the FF split) that deposits be returned to the candidates, not the party; many candidates were no longer with SF by then.[28] Who was entitled if candidate had died? Was it an agent/trustee at the time of the election, or the estate of the deceased?

There were mid-1920s court cases relating to monies collected as Dáil Loan subscriptions but misappropriated.

IT 1929/0502/Pg013 Austin Stack funeral included 'members of the "Government of the Irish Republic", Sinn Fein, Oglaigh na hEireann, Cumann na mBan, Fianna Eireann, Clan na nGaedheal (Republican Girl Guides), ...'.

dail/1932-10-20 Mulcahy speech quotes various republican documents from September 1922 onwards

c.1933 Message from the executive of Dáil Éireann to the Sinn Fein Ard-Fheis derides name of "United Ireland" Party

June 1933 "Dail Eireann's Message" -- produced after Constitution (Removal of Oath) Act 1933 might have "confused" "our young people" to restate legitimist case.[29]

White 2006 edit

White, Robert W. (2006). Ruairí Ó Brádaigh : the life and politics of an Irish revolutionary. Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253347084.

  • p.17 republicans said "Leinster House" for the Free State Dáil/Oireachtas
  • p.18 Army Reserve (1933) and military pensions for anti-treaty (1934) intended to co-opt IRA sympathisers
  • p.35 when Seán MacBride founded Clann na Poblachta, IRA expelled members, remembering FF turning on them in the 30s.
  • p.37 SF 1949 ardfheis leadership changes were a "friendly coup" by the IRA; "Sinn Féin welcomed them and became the political wing of the Irish Republican Movement."
  • p.42 Army Council has 7 members to reflect 1916 signatories

Secondary edit

Eunan O'Halpin: de Valera's "effective abandonment of the legitimist fiction of the second Dáil and its notional Irish republican government in 1925."[30]

References edit

Sources edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ "PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT. - ELECTIONS". First Dáil proceedings. 10 May 1921. cc.291–292. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Prelude". Second Dáil proceedings. 16 August 1921. cc.5–7. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  3. ^ Snoddy, Oliver (1972). "From the Bridge to the Abyss". Capuchin Annual: 336–337. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  4. ^ Actually the two photos are not identical, but were apparently taken at the same time from slightly different angles. "LOT 276: 1922. Provisional Government of Ireland. Photograph of President Arthur Griffith, his cabinet and party including Michael Collins". HISTORY & LITERATURE — 9 MAY 2015. Dublin: Whyte's.
  5. ^ Press Association Images (16 January 1922). "The scene inside the oak room at the Mansion House, Dublin, during the formal Ratification of the Irish Treaty". Getty Images. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  6. ^ "NATIONAL COALITION PANEL JOINT STATEMENT". Second Dáil proceeedings. 20 May 1922. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Dáil 1922-09-09 p.3
  8. ^ a b c d Casey, James (1970). "Republican Courts in Ireland 1919-1922". Irish Jurist (1966-). 5 (2): 321–342 : 338–340. JSTOR 44027586.
  9. ^ a b c Augusteijn, Joost (16 August 2002). The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 134–144. ISBN 978-0-230-62938-7.
  10. ^ Wilk 2014 p.13
  11. ^ Peadar O'Donnell: Socialism and the Republic, 1925-37 Author(s): Richard English Source: Saothar, Vol. 14 (1989), pp. 47-58 Published by: Irish Labour History Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/23195945 Accessed: 17-09-2015 14:39 UTC
  12. ^ Nic Dháibhéid, Caoimhe (2011). Seán MacBride: A Republican Life, 1904-1946. Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 9781846316586. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  13. ^ Wilk, Gavin (2014). Transatlantic Defiance: The Militant Irish Republican Movement in America, 1923–45. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 9780719091667.
  14. ^ Wilk 2014 p.134
  15. ^ http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000233703 Stationery Office, 1930 J/38 'Two documents "A" and "B" found by the police on 10 April 1928 during the course of a search of the premises, 27 Dawson Street, Dublin'
  16. ^ http://www.bureauofmilitaryhistory.ie/files/Appendix_to_Contemporary_Documents_opt_03.pdf#page=82
  17. ^ https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/p0150-devalera-eamon-descriptive-catalogue.pdf
  18. ^ https://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/p0067-macentee-sean-descriptive-catalogue.pdf#page=23
  19. ^ Dwyer, T. Ryle (1982). De Valera's Darkest Hour: In Search of National Independence, 1919-1932. Mercier Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-85342-676-9.; excerpt reprinted in Dwyer, T. Ryle (1992). De Valera: The Man & the Myths. Poolbeg. p. 134. ISBN 978-1-85371-180-0.
  20. ^ Fallon 1986 p.114
  21. ^ Fallon 1986 p.117
  22. ^ Fallon 1986 p.125-6
  23. ^ Fallon 1986 p.127; Ryle Dwyer 1982 p.157, 1992 p.141
  24. ^ "Sinn Fein; Meeting of Ard Chomhairle". The Irish Times. 26 May 1926. p. 8. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  25. ^ "Irish Republican Policy". Weekly Irish Times. 19 June 1926. p. 6. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  26. ^ Walsh, Dick (21 May 1977). "The Saturday Interview: Paddy Smith". The Irish Times. p. 5. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  27. ^ "No Republican Pact". Irish Times. 1927/0525/. p. 7. Retrieved 20 August 2020. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Pyne 1969 pp.40-41
  29. ^ "Lot 157: 1933. Sinn Fein 'Executive Council, Dail Eireann' Message". The Eclectic Collector. Whyte's Auctions. 3 February 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  30. ^ O'Halpin, Eunan (1999). "Historical Revisit: Dorothy Macardle, "The Irish Republic" (1937)". Irish Historical Studies. 31 (123): 389–394 : 392. doi:10.1017/S002112140001422X. JSTOR 30007149. S2CID 163186052.
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