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editStructural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1B (SMC-1B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMC1B gene. SMC proteins engage in chromosome organization and can be broken into 3 groups based on function which are cohesins, condensins, and DNA repair.[1][2][3] SMC-1B belongs to a family of proteins required for chromatid cohesion and DNA recombination during meiosis and mitosis. SMC1ß protein appears to participate with other cohesins REC8, STAG3 and SMC3 in sister-chromatid cohesion throughout the whole meiotic process in human oocytes.
Function
editSMC1B is essential for meiosis in which it has 3 main roles.[4] SMC1B is known to be involved in the fusion of chromosomes during meiosis in both homologous and non-homologous chromosomes.[4] SMC1B develops the axial elements (AE) found in synaptonemal complexes in association with other cohesin proteins REC8 and SMC3 as well as AE proteins SCP2 and SCP3.[5][6] Sister chromatid cohesion in meiosis is supplied by SMC1B. [4] SMC1B can also protect telomeres from damage, something that SMC1A has not been shown to be capable of. [7] Additionally, in somatic cells SMC1B associates with SMC3 and RAD21 in a mitotic cohesin complex which had been thought to only include SMC1α. [8][9] Depletion of SMC1B in somatic cells showed dysregulation of some gene expression.[8]
Clinical Significance
editHuman Papillomavirus (HPV)
editHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA virus and the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection. [10] HPV-16 and HPV-18 are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer from HPV. [11]SMC1B has increased expression in HPV(+) cases. [12] HPV recruits SMC1 along with a transcriptional factor, CTCF, to enable replication of the virus's genome. SMC1 is crucially important to the regulation of the virus life cycle. [11]
Genome Instability and Cancer
editSMC1B protects genetic stability from ultraviolet and infrared radiation.[9] Altered expression of SMC1B can cause DNA damage repair to fail that then causes genome instability. [9] Expression of SMC1B higher or lower than normal is associated with certain cancers. Meiotic subunits STAG3 and REC8 are also expressed with SMC1B in cancers.[13] High expression of SMC1B can be associated with pancreatic cancers and ovarian cancer, while low expression increases the risk of cancer progression due to low genetic stability. [9]
References
edit- ^ Michaelis, Christine; Ciosk, Rafal; Nasmyth, Kim (1997-10-03). "Cohesins: Chromosomal Proteins that Prevent Premature Separation of Sister Chromatids". Cell. 91 (1): 35–45. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)80007-6. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9335333. S2CID 18572651.
- ^ Hirano, Tatsuya; Kobayashi, Ryuji; Hirano, Michiko (1997-05-16). "Condensins, Chromosome Condensation Protein Complexes Containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a Xenopus Homolog of the Drosophila Barren Protein". Cell. 89 (4): 511–521. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80233-0. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 9160743. S2CID 15061740.
- ^ Fousteri, M. I. (2000-04-03). "A novel SMC protein complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains the Rad18 DNA repair protein". The EMBO Journal. 19 (7): 1691–1702. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.7.1691. PMC 310237. PMID 10747036.
- ^ a b c Biswas, Uddipta; Wetker, Cornelia; Lange, Julian; Christodoulou, Eleni; Seifert, Michael; Beyer, Andreas; Jessberger, Rolf (Dec 26, 2013). "Meiotic cohesin SMC1β provides prophase I centromeric cohesion and is required for multiple synapsis-associated functions". PLOS Genetics. 9 (12): e1003985. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003985. PMC 3873225. PMID 24385917.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Eijpe, Maureen; Offenberg, Hildo; Jessberger, Rolf; Revenkova, Ekaterina; Heyting, Christa (Mar 3, 2003). "Meiotic cohesin REC8 marks the axial elements of rat synaptonemal complexes before cohesins SMC1beta and SMC3". PubMed Central.
- ^ Novak, Ivana; Wang, Hong; Revenkova, Ekaterina; Jessberger, Rolf; Scherthan, Harry; Höög, Christer (Jan 14, 2008). "Cohesin Smc1β determines meiotic chromatin axis loop organization". The Journal of Cell Biology. 180 (1): 83–90. doi:10.1083/jcb.200706136. PMC 2213612. PMID 18180366.
- ^ Biswas, Uddipta; Stevense, Michelle; Jessberger, Rolf (Jan 22, 2018). "SMC1α Substitutes for Many Meiotic Functions of SMC1β but Cannot Protect Telomeres from Damage". Current Biology : Cb. 28 (2): 249–261.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.12.020. PMC 5788747. PMID 29337080.
- ^ a b Mannini, Linda; Cucco, Francesco; Quarantotti, Valentina; Amato, Clelia; Tinti, Mara; Tana, Luigi; Frattini, Annalisa; Delia, Domenico; Krantz, Ian; Jessberger, Rolf; Musio, Antonio (Dec 17, 2015). "SMC1B is present in mammalian somatic cells and interacts with mitotic cohesin proteins". PubMed Central. 5: 18472. doi:10.1038/srep18472. PMC 4682075. PMID 26673124.
- ^ a b c d Yi, Fei; Wang, Zhuo; Liu, Jingwei; Zhang, Ying; Wang, Zhijun; Xu, Hongde; Li, Xiaoman; Bai, Ning; Cao, Liu; Song, Xiaoyu (Sep 3, 2017). "Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes protein 1: Role in Genome Stability and Tumorigenesis". International Journal of Biological Sciences. 13 (8): 1092–1099. doi:10.7150/ijbs.21206. PMC 5599913. PMID 28924389.
- ^ Milner, Danny (2015). Diagnostic pathology. Infectious diseases. Danny A., Jr. Milner, Nicole Pecora, Isaac Solomon, Thing Rinda Soong. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-0-323-40037-4. OCLC 921986998.
- ^ a b Mehta, Kavi; Gunasekharan, Vignesh; Satsuka, Ayano; Laimins, Laimonis A. (2015-04-13). "Human Papillomaviruses Activate and Recruit SMC1 Cohesin Proteins for the Differentiation-Dependent Life Cycle through Association with CTCF Insulators". PLOS Pathogens. 11 (4): e1004763. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004763. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 4395367. PMID 25875106.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Espoti, Davide D.; Sklias, Athena; Lima, Sheila C; Beghelli-de la Forest Divonne, Stéphanie; Cahais, Vincent; Fernandez-Jimenez, Nora; Cros, Marie-Pierre; Ecsedi, Szilvia; Cuenin, Cyrille; Bouaoun, Liacine; Byrnes, Graham; Accardi, Rosita; Sudaka, Anne; Giordanengo, Valérie; Hernandez-Vargas, Hector (Apr 5, 2017). "Unique DNA methylation signature in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas". Genome Medicine. 9 (1): 33. doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0419-z. PMC 5382363. PMID 28381277.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Boukaba, Abdelhalim; Liu, Jian; Ward, Carl; Wu, Qiongfang; Arnaoutov, Alexei; Liang, Jierong; Pugacheva, Elena M.; Dasso, Mary; Lobanenkov, Victor; Esteban, Miguel; Strunnikov, Alexander V. (2022-09-30). "Ectopic expression of meiotic cohesin generates chromosome instability in cancer cell line". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (40): e2204071119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2204071119. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 9549395. PMID 36179046.