Teacher retention is a field of education research that focuses on how factors such as school characteristics and teacher demographics affect whether teachers stay in their schools, move to different schools, or leave the profession before retirement. The field developed in response to a perceived shortage in the education labor market in the 1990s. Historically, teacher attrition was thought to be higher in low income schools and in high need subjects like math, science, and special education. More recent evidence suggests that school culture and leadership has the most significant impact on teacher decisions to stay or leave.
Factors
editSchools
editResearchers and policy makers have identified some commonalities across schools and districts that have an impact on teacher retention.[1][2] Some school factors are "push" factors that push teachers to leave their current school or the profession. Other school factors are "pull" factors that encourage teachers to stay in their current school.
Push factors
editCertain factors are linked to teachers leaving schools or leaving the profession before retirement. Researchers have used data from school districts and national surveys of teachers and schools to demonstrate that there are common factors that push teachers to either leave their schools or leave the profession. The most significant factors include low salary, student behavior issues, lack of support from school administration, and inability to participate in decision-making.[1] Teachers may also be more likely to leave if they are resistant to using prescribed curriculums or are discouraged from modifying their instruction.[3] Over time, individual school environments affect teacher attrition more than district measures like teacher salary, student demographics, or urban settings.[4]
Pull factors
editOther factors encourage teachers to stay at their current school. Teachers are more likely to stay in elementary schools than middle or high schools.[2] Teachers who earn at least $40,000 per year are most likely to stay through their fifth year at the same school.[2] Teachers stay longer in schools that have missions in alignment with the teacher’s personal mission.[5] One of the most successful strategies used to retain teachers includes mentoring and teacher teaming.[6] Others point to the importance of teachers being treated as professionals who are trusted and collaborate with one another to meet student needs.[7] These professional practices can include individuality, creativity, high expectations for students, and community building with mentors or peers.[3] Teachers are also more likely to stay when they report being satisfied with their school.[2] School location and student demographics are not major factors in either pushing teachers away or pulling them in.
Teacher factors
editResearchers and policy makers have also collected information about teacher demographics to better understand teachers' choices to stay or leave their schools. Most studies include research on teacher age and gender as well as teacher qualifications.
Age and gender
editTeachers are most likely to stay in their schools if they are between the ages of 30-50.[1] Teachers under 30 are more likely to move schools within districts, move districts, or move to other states to teach. Younger teachers often still have preliminary credentials which allows them more flexibility within states as states often have their own standardized licensure and testing requirements that discourage teachers from moving. Younger teachers are also less likely to be vested in their pension systems and more likely to move districts before choosing a district which may offer a higher salary or better benefits and retirement options.[8] Salary increases can draw younger teachers to particular districts with the promise of higher payment for teaching in the long term.[9] The relationship between life cycle events such as marriage or having children and teacher attrition can be difficult to measure, but teachers who leave the profession are more likely to have recently had children.[10] Teachers with children under 5 are increasingly likely to leave the profession. Gender also plays a role in this trend: young female teachers are more likely than young male teachers to leave.[4] Women who leave the profession are also more likely to return to teaching than men.[2] Teachers over 50 are also more likely to leave the profession, but this is generally explained by teachers who are closer to retirement.
Qualifications
editTeacher preparation is not strongly related to teacher retention. Teachers with better academic qualifications including grades, test scores, graduate degrees, and undergraduate college selectivity are more likely to leave the profession. There is no major retention difference between teachers who completed traditional preparation programs and teachers who completed alternative certification programs, like Teach for America.[4] Teachers are more likely to stay when students are high achieving.[11]
Teachers with certain teaching qualifications and teaching assignments are more likely to leave their schools or the profession. Special education teachers are not more likely to leave teaching, but they are more likely to transfer to positions as general educators.[12] Elementary teachers are more likely to stay than middle and high school teachers. Teacher who feel effective in their jobs are also more likely to continue teaching.[13]
Retaining teachers of color
editRetaining teachers of color is an important element of teacher retention. Students of color perform better with race congruent teachers of color[14] and American students are increasingly non white. In 2014 50.3% of American public school students were Latino, Asian, and African-American with demographic data suggesting that the percentage of students of color will continue to grow.[15] Some evidence suggests that teachers of color have higher attrition rates than white teachers and other evidence suggests the opposite.[4]
Teachers of color are more likely to stay in a school in which they are led and supervised by administrators of color. Overall, 84% of white teachers have a race matched principal while only 44% of Black teachers have a race matched principal and 8% of other races have a matched principal. Teachers with a race matched principal are more likely to report earning additional pay, feeling autonomy, and experiencing additional support, all of which are linked to overall teacher retention. Race matched teachers are also more likely to report being satisfied with their jobs.[16][2] Race matching also affects exits from the profession more than transfers to another school. Also, white men are more likely to leave the profession when there are more students of color. In contrast, teachers of color have higher exit rates overall but are less likely to leave when they have more non white students.[9]
Retaining effective teachers
editFederal policy initiatives during the Obama Administration have emphasized the importance of retaining effective teachers, rather than just working to retain all teachers. This is partly due to President Obama and the United States Department of Education’s Race to the Top initiative which granted money to states pledging to institute policies which retained and released teachers based in part on their evaluations.[17] The measurement of teacher success is often based on “value added” determinations based on student standardized test scores. Value-added measurements assess the impact of a teacher on student test scores by quantifying teacher ability. These measurements are seen by some as “noisy” and only partly a measure of teacher performance, but still useful.[18] The American Education Research Association cautions against using value added models in most situations due to scientific and technical limitations.[19]
The Race to the Top incentives represented a major shift in how districts and administrators evaluated and retained teachers. Prior to Race to the Top, teacher effectiveness had been determined by years of experience and years of graduate study. Now, in many states, value added measures are used alongside principal evaluations of teacher observations and teacher progress on student learning outcomes. One controversial use of value-added teacher evaluation was in Washington D.C. under the leadership of Michelle Rhee.[14] The D.C. program was unique in rewarding high performing teachers with higher salaries and bonus pay while also threatening to dismiss low performing teachers. Teachers in D.C. under threat of dismissal made greater gains in their teaching practice than teachers who stood to gain financially. The dismissal threat also increased voluntary attrition of lower performing teachers by 50%.[14] Statistics suggest that having a top performing teacher rather than a low performing teacher “four years in a row would be enough to close the black-white test score gap.”[17]
Teacher effectiveness has also been linked to how often teachers move schools. Overall, leavers are less effective than movers. More effective teachers are more likely to stay in the same schools, unless they being their careers in lower performing schools[11]. Teachers with low performing students are more likely to leave their schools in the first 1-2 years. Low performing teachers are more likely to move to schools that are similar to the schools they currently teach in, while higher performing teachers will move from low performing schools to higher performing schools.[11] This evidence indicates that some teacher attrition may be beneficial to students.
References
edit- ^ a b c Ingersoll, Richard M. (2001). "Teacher turnover and teacher shortages: An organizational analysis". American Education Research Journal.
- ^ a b c d e f Raue, K., Gray, L., & O’Rear, I. (2015). Career Paths of Beginning Public School Teachers. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2015/2015196.pdf
- ^ a b Achinstein, B. & Ogawa, R. T (2006). "(In)Fidelity: What the resistance of new teachers reveals about professional principles and prescriptive educational practices". Harvard Educational Review.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d DeAngelis & Presley (2011). "Toward a more nuanced understanding of teacher attrition". Education and Urban Society.
- ^ Egalite, A. J., Jensen, L. I., Stewart, T., & Wolf, P. J. (2012). "Finding the right fit: Recruiting and retaining teachers in Milwaukee choice schools". Journal of School Choice.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ingersoll, R. & Smith, T. (2003). "The wrong solution to the teacher shortage". Educational Leadership.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2004). "Stayers, leavers, lovers, dreamers: Insights about teacher retention". Journal of Teacher Education.
- ^ Goldhaber, D., Grout, C., Holden, K. L., & Brown, N. (2015). Crossing the Border? Exploring the Cross-State Mobility of the Teacher Workforce. Retrieved from http://www.caldercenter.org/sites/default/files/WP%20143.pdf
- ^ a b Imazeki, J. (2005). Teacher salaries and teacher attrition. Economics of Education Review; 24, 431–449.
- ^ Boe, E. E., Bobbitt, S. A., Cook, L. H., Whitener, S. D., & Weber, A. L. (1997). Why didst thou go? Predictors of retention, transfer, and attrition of special and general education teachers from a national perspective. The Journal of Special Education, 30(4), 390–411.
- ^ a b c Boyd, D., Grossman, P., Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2008). Who leaves? Teacher attrition and student achievement. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w14022
- ^ Boe, E. E., Bobbitt, S. A., & Cook, L. H. (1997). Whither didst thou go? Retention, reassignment, migration, and attrition of special and general education teachers from a national perspective. The Journal of Special Education, 30(4), 371–389.
- ^ Hughes, Gail D. (2012). "Teacher retention: Teacher characteristics, school characteristics, organizational characteristics, and teacher efficacy". The Journal of Education Research.
- ^ a b c Dee, T., & Wyckoff, J. (2013). Incentives, selection, and teacher performance: Evidence from IMPACT. Paper presented at the Economics of Education, Munich.
- ^ "Digest of Education Statistics, 2013". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- ^ Grissom, J. A., & Keiser, L. R. (2011). A supervisor like me: Race, representation, and the satisfaction and turnover decisions of public sector employees. Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, 30(3), 557-580.
- ^ a b Green, Elizabeth (2015). Building a Better Teacher. W.W. Norton & Company.
- ^ Winters, M. A., & Cowen, J. M. (2013). Who would stay, who would be dismissed? An empirical consideration of value-added teacher retention policies. Educational Researcher, 42(6), 330-337.
- ^ "AERA Issues Statement on the Use of Value-Added Models in Evaluation of Educators and Educator Preparation Programs". www.aera.net. Retrieved 2015-11-12.