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Alzheimer type II astrocye edit
The Alzheimer type II astrocyte is a pathological cell found in the brain. Like other astrocytes, it is a non-neuronal glial cell. They are not associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Characteristics edit
Alzheimer type II astrocytes are visually characterized by an enlarged size and lack of cytoplasm. [1] These astrocytes appear to metabolically hyperactive, and contain vesicular nuclei and basophilic nucleoli. [2] They also contain thin marginal chromatin and excessive amounts of glycogen. <refname = albrecht/> Alzheimer type II astrocytes may be found in both cortical and subcortical areas, including the brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and thalamus.[3]
Pathology edit
Alzheimer type II astrocytes are present in hepatic encephalopathy and Wilson's disease.[4] The presence of Alzheimer type astrocytes is a key indicator of hepatic encephalocity, and may be induced by increased bodily ammonia.[5] The origin of Alzheimer type II astrocytes is unclear, although they are known to arise from astroglial cells in the development of Wilson's disease. [6] Experiments with mice have shown that exposure to manganese leads to the development of Alzheimer's type II astrocytes. [7] This suggests that manganism, a neurological disorder with Parkinson's-like symptoms, is caused by the development of these astrocytes through manganese poisoning.[7]
References edit
- ^ [1], Albrecht Jan, Jones Anthony E (2000). "Hepatic encephalocity: molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical syndrome." Journal of the Neurological Sciences 172(1): 77.
- ^ Online Medical Dictionary at CancerWeb
- ^ [2], University of Rochester Medical Center. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ Blueprints Neurology, 2nd ed.
- ^ [3], Norenberg MD (1987). "The role of astrocytes in hepatic encephalopathy." Neurochememical Pathology 6(1-2):13-33.
- ^ [4], Bertrand E, et al. (2001). "Neuropathological analysis of pathological forms of astroglia in Wilson's disease." Folia Neuropathologica 39(2):73-79.
- ^ a b [5], Hazell Alan S, et al. (2006). "Alzheimer type II astrocytic changes following sub-acute exposure to manganese and its prevention by antioxidant treatment." Neuroscience Letters 396(3):167-171.