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  • Leon Morris (1995). "Additional Note H: The Last Supper and the Passover". The Gospel According to John. New International Commentary on the New Testament (revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 684–695. ISBN 978-0802825049.
  • Bruce Lincoln (2005). "Beverages". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference Books. p. 848. ISBN 978-0028657332.
  • "Stuart, Moses". Encyclopedia of Temperance and Prohibition. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. 1891. p. 621. Wherever the Scriptures speak of wine as a comfort, a blessing or a libation to God, and rank it with such articles as corn and oil, they mean—they can mean only—such wine as contained no alcohol that could have a mischievous tendency; that wherever they denounce it, prohibit it and connect it with drunkenness and reveling, they can mean only alcoholic or intoxicating wines.
  • Burton Scott Easton (1915). "Wine; Wine Press". In James Orr (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-03-09. In Old Testament times wine was drunk undiluted, and wine mixed with water was thought to be ruined (Isa 1:22).... At a later period, however, the Greek use of diluted wines had attained such sway that the writer of 2 Maccabees speaks (15:39) of undiluted wine as 'distasteful' (polemion). This dilution is so normal in the following centuries that the Mishna can take it for granted and, indeed, R. Eliezer even forbade saying the table-blessing over undiluted wine (Berakhoth 7 5). The proportion of water was large, only one-third or one-fourth of the total mixture being wine (Niddah 2 7; Pesachim 108b).
  • Ezra Taft Benson (May 1983). "A Principle with a Promise". Ensign: 53–55. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  • R. Albert Mohler and Russell Moore (September 14, 2005). Alcohol and Ministry (MP3 audio). Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. {{cite AV media}}: Unknown parameter |additional_url= ignored (help)
  • "Guide to the Scriptures: Sacrament". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2006. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  • "The Commandments: Obey the Word of Wisdom". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  • Lilian Lewis Shiman (1988). Crusade Against Drink in Victorian England. St. Martin's Press. pp. p. 5. ISBN 0-312-17777-1. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Kenneth Gentry (2001). God Gave Wine. Oakdown. pp. pp. 3ff. ISBN 0-9700326-6-8. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • I. W. Raymond (1970) [1927]. The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Wine and Strong Drink. AMS Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0404512866. This favorable view [of wine in the Bible], however, is balanced by an unfavorable estimate.... The reason for the presence of these two conflicting opinions on the nature of wine [is that the] consequences of wine drinking follow its use and not its nature. Happy results ensue when it is drunk in its proper measure and evil results when it is drunk to excess. The nature of wine is indifferent.
  • Will Durant (1957). The Reformation. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 113.
  • Bruce Waltke (2005). "Commentary on 20:1". The Book of Proverbs: Chapters 15-31. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 127. ISBN 978-0802827760.
  • David J. Hanson (1995). Preventing Alcohol Abuse: Alcohol, Culture and Control. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Jim West (2003). Drinking with Calvin and Luther!. Oakdown Books. pp. pp. 22ff. ISBN 0-9700326-0-9. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • M. E. Lender (22 May 1987). Drinking In America. ISBN 0-02-918570-X.
  • Stephen M. Reynolds (1989). The Biblical Approach to Alcohol. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Retrieved 2007-02-28. [W]herever oinos [Greek for 'wine'] appears in the New Testament, we may understand it as unfermented grape juice unless the passage clearly indicates that the inspired writer was speaking of an intoxicating drink.
  • Stephen M. Reynolds (1983). Alcohol and the Bible. Challenge Press. ISBN 978-0866450942.
  • A. A. Hodge. Evangelical Theology. pp. pp. 347f. 'Wine,' according to the absolutely unanimous, unexceptional testimony of every scholar and missionary, is in its essence 'fermented grape juice.' Nothing else is wine.... There has been absolutely universal consent on this subject in the Christian Church until modern times, when the practice has been opposed, not upon change of evidence, but solely on prudential considerations. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Charles Hodge (1940) [1872]. "The Lord's Supper". Systematic Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. p. 3:616. Retrieved 2007-01-22. That [oinos] in the Bible, when unqualified by such terms as new, or sweet, means the fermented juice of the grape, is hardly an open question. It has never been questioned in the Church, if we except a few Christians of the present day. And it may safely be said that there is not a scholar on the continent of Europe, who has the least doubt on the subject. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • Kenneth L. Barker and John R. Kohlenberger III (1999). "Commentary on 1 Ti 5:23". Zondervan NIV Bible Commentary. ISBN 978-0310578406.
  • William Kaiser and Duane Garrett, ed. (2006). "Wine and Alcoholic Beverages in the Ancient World". Archaeological Study Bible. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310926054. [T]here is no basis for suggesting that either the Greek or the Hebrew terms for wine refer to unfermented grape juice.
  • Jack Van Impe (1980). Alcohol: The Beloved Enemy. Jack Van Impe Ministries. ISBN 978-0934803076.
  • Archaeological Study Bible. Wine diluted with water was obviously considered to be of inferior quality (Isa.1:22), although the Greeks, considering the drinking of pure wine to be an excess, routinely diluted their wine.
  • New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Thomson Gale. 2002. ISBN 978-0787640040. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • "Wine". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • W. Ewing (1913). "Wine". In James Hastings (ed.). Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. p. 824. Retrieved 2007-03-14. There is nothing known in the East of anything called 'wine' which is unfermented.... [The Palestinian Jews'] attitude towards the drinker of unfermented grape juice may be gathered from the saying in Pirke Aboth (iv. 28), 'He who learns from the young, to what is he like? to one who eats unripe grapes and drinks wine from his vat [that is, unfermented juice].'
  • Geoffrey Wigoder; et al., eds. (2002). "Wine". The New Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York University Press. pp. pp. 798f. ISBN 978-0814793886. As a beverage, it regularly accompanied the main meal of the day. Wherever the Bible mentions 'cup' — for example, 'my cup brims over' (Ps. 23:5) — the reference is to a cup of wine.... In the talmudic epoch, ... [i]t was customary to dilute wine before drinking by adding one-third water. The main meal of the day, taken in the evening (only breakfast and supper were eaten in talmudic times), consisted of two courses, with each of which a cup of wine was drunk. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |editor= (help)
  • F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, ed. (2005). "Wine". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press, USA. p. 1767. ISBN 978-0192802903. [W]ine has traditionally been held to be one of the essential materials for a valid Eucharist, though some have argued that usfermented grape-juice fulfils the Dominical [that is, Jesus'] command.
  • Heinrich Seesemann (1967). "?????". In Gerhard Kittel and Ronald E. Pitkin (ed.). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Vol. V. trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 163. ISBN 0802822479.
  • M. D. Coogan (1993). "Wine". In Bruce Metzger and M. D. Coogan (ed.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. pp. 799f. ISBN 978-0195046458. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • D. Miall Edwards (1915). "Drunkenness". In James Orr (ed.). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
  • F. S. Fitzsimmonds (1982). "Wine and Strong Drink". In J. D. Douglas (ed.). New Bible Dictionary (2nd ed.). Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 1255. ISBN 0830814418. These two aspects of wine, its use and its abuse, its benefits and its curse, its acceptance in God's sight and its abhorrence, are interwoven into the fabric of the [Old Testament] so that it may gladden the heart of man (Ps. 104:15) or cause his mind to err (Is. 28:7), it can be associated with merriment (Ec. 10:19) or with anger (Is. 5:11), it can be used to uncover the shame of Noah (Gn. 9:21) or in the hands of Melchizedek to honor Abraham (Gn. 14:18).... The references [to alcohol] in the [New Testament] are very much fewer in number, but once more the good and the bad aspects are equally apparent....
  • Merrill F. Unger (1981) [1966]. "Wine". Unger's Bible Dictionary (3rd ed.). Chicago: Moody Press. p. 1169. The use of wine at the paschal feast [that is, Passover] was not enjoined by the law, but had become an established custom, at all events in the post-Babylonian period. The wine was mixed with warm water on these occasions.... Hence the in the early Christian Church it was usual to mix the sacramental wine with water.
  • W. Dommershausen (1990). "Yayin". In G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren (ed.). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. VI. trans. David E. Green. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 64. ISBN 0802823300.
  • W. J. Beecher. "Total abstinence". The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. p. 472. Retrieved 2007-01-22. The Scriptures, rightly understood, are thus the strongest bulwark of a true doctrine of total abstinence, so false exegesis of the Scriptures by temperance advocates, including false theories of unfermented wine, have done more than almost anything else to discredit the good cause. The full abandonment of these bad premises would strengthen the cause immeasurably.
  • W. J. Beecher. "Total abstinence". The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. p. 468.
  • R. V. Pierard (1984). "Alcohol, Drinking of". In Walter A. Elwell (ed.). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House. pp. pp. 28f. ISBN 0801034132. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • "Drunkenness". Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times. Pleasantville, New York: The Reader's Digest Association. 1997. pp. 374–376.
  • "Wine Making". Illustrated Dictionary of Bible Life & Times. pp. pp. 374f. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  • "Wine". Jewish Encyclopedia.
  • "Altar Wine". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1917. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Paul O'Callaghan (March 1992). "The Spirit of True Christianity". Word Magazine. Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America: 8–9. Retrieved 2007-03-16. So alcohol, sex, the body, money, television, and music are all good things. It is only the abuse of these things that is bad — drunkenness, pornography, compulsive gambling, etc. Even drugs marijuana, cocaine, heroin — all have good uses for medical and other reasons. It's only the abuse of them for pleasure that is wrong.
  • Patrick Madrid (March 1992). "Wrath of Grapes". This Rock. 3 (3). Retrieved 2007-03-16. The [Catholic] Church teaches ... that wine, like food, sex, laughter, and dancing, is a good thing when enjoyed in its proper time and context. To abuse any good thing is a sin, but the thing abused does not itself become sinful.
  • Jeffrey J. Meyers (November 1996). "Concerning Wine and Beer, Part 1". Rite Reasons, Studies in Worship (48). Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Jeffrey J. Meyers (January 1997). "Concerning Wine and Beer, Part 2". Rite Reasons, Studies in Worship (49). Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Jim West (March /April 2000). "A Sober Assessment of Reformational Drinking". Modern Reformation. 9 (2). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Keith Mathison (January 1 to January 7, 2001). "Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 2: Historical Testimony". IIIM Magazine Online. 3 (1). Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Keith Mathison (January 8 to January 14, 2001). "Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 3: Historic Reformed & Baptist Testimony". IIIM Magazine Online. 3 (2). Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Keith Mathison (January 22–28, 2001). "Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 4: Origins of and Reasons for the Rejection of Wine". IIIM Magazine Online. 3 (4). Retrieved 2007-01-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Keith Mathison (December 4–10, 2000). "Protestant Transubstantiation - Part 1: Thesis; Biblical Witness". IIIM Magazine Online. 2 (49). Retrieved 2007-01-22.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  • Magen Broshi (1984). "Wine in Ancient Palestine — Introductory Notes". Israel Museum Journal. III: 33.
  • Norman Geisler (January -March 1982). "A Christian Perspective on Wine-Drinking". Bibliotheca Sacra. 139 (553): 41–55. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Stephen M. Reynolds (May /June 1991). "Issue and Interchange - Scripture Prohibits the Drinking of Alhocolic Beverages". Antithesis. 2 (2). Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • Kevin Lynch (September 20 — October 3, 2006). "Sin & Tonic: Making beer, wine, and spirits is not the Devil's work". The Wave Magazine. 6 (19). Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  • John MacArthur. ""Unity in Action: Building Up One Another Without Offending--Part 2"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Ra McLaughlin. "Protestant Transubstantiation (History of)". Third Millennium Ministries. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • "Position paper: Abstinence from Alcohol". Assemblies of God.
  • Ambrose. "Book I, chapter XLIII". On the Duties of the Clergy. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  • Clement of Alexandria. ""On Drinking"". The Instructor, book 2, chapter 2. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  • Cyprian. ""Epistle LXII: To Caecilius, on the Sacrament of the Cup of the Lord", §11". Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  • Hermano Cisco. ""Christians and Alcohol"".
  • Samuele Bacchiocchi. "A Preview of Wine in the Bible". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Augustine of Hippo. "Chapter 19". On the Morals of the Catholic Church. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  • Ken Camp (January 5, 2007). ""Drink to That? Have Baptists watered down their objections to alcohol?"". The Baptist Standard. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Martin Luther. "Fourth Invocavit sermon from 1522". Works, American Edition, vol. 51, p. 85. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • ""On alcohol use in America"". Southern Baptist Convention. 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • "Didache, chapter 13". Retrieved 2007-03-16.
  • "Alcoholic Beverages". Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • "Responding to Opportunities for 'Interim Eucharistic Sharing'" (PDF). Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Retrieved 2007-02-24. While many Lutheran congregations also provide grape juice or unfermented wine as an alternative, Lutherans have more emphasized the historical and ecumenical continuities which wine provides, as well as the richness and multivalences of its symbolic associations.
  • "Alcohol". Presbyterian 101. Presbyterian Church (USA). Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • John Calvin (1545). "Catechism of the Church of Geneva". Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  • "Tractate Berakoth 6.1". Retrieved 2007-03-15.
  • "Introduction to Worship in the United Church of Christ" (PDF). Book of Worship. United Church of Christ. 1986. pp. Footnote 27. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • David J. Hanson. "History of Alcohol and Drinking around the World". Retrieved 2007-02-13.
  • John Calvin. "On Ps 104:15". Commentary on the Psalms. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • John F. MacArthur. "Living in the Spirit: Be Not Drunk with Wine--Part 3". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • John MacArthur. ""Living in the Spirit: Be Not Drunk with Wine--Part 2"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • John MacArthur. ""Living in the Spirit: Be Not Drunk with Wine--Part 2"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • John Piper (January 17, 1982). ""Flesh Tank and Peashooter Regulations"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • John Piper (October 4, 1981). ""Total Abstinence and Church Membership"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Marian Van Til (April 27, 2003). "Welch's Innovation". Christianity Today International/Men of Integrity magazine. Retrieved 2007-02-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  • Billy Graham (n.d.). ""My Answer"". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Daniel L. Akin (June 30, 2006). ""FIRST-PERSON: The case for alcohol abstinence"". Baptist Press. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • John F. MacArthur. "GC 70-11: "Bible Questions and Answers"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Richard Land (July 24, 2006). ""FIRST-PERSON: The great alcohol debate"". Baptist Press. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  • ""Alcohol and Other Drugs"". The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church. The United Methodist Publishing House. 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Robert S. Rayburn (2001-01-28). ""Revising the Practice of the Lord's Supper at Faith Presbyterian Church No. 2, Wine, No. 1"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Robert S. Rayburn (2001-02-11). ""Revising the Practice of the Lord's Supper at Faith Presbyterian Church No. 4, Wine, No. 3"". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • "Wine or grape juice". Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • "Historic Stand for Temperance Principles and Acceptance of Donations Statement Impacts Social Change". General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 1992. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  • "Chemical Use, Abuse, and Dependency". General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists. 1990. Retrieved 2007-02-28.
  • "Ask the Wise Man: Eucharistic Wine and an Alcoholic Priest; Hosts for the Gluten-allergic". St. Anthony Messenger. May 1996. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Samuele Bacchiocchi. "A Preview of Wine in the Bible". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • Ethical Investment Advisory Group (January 2005). "Alcohol: An inappropriate investment for the Church of England" (PDF). Church of England. Retrieved 2007-02-08. Christians who are committed to total abstinence have sometimes interpreted biblical references to wine as meaning unfermented grape juice, but this is surely inconsistent with the recognition of both good and evil in the biblical attitude to wine. It is self-evident that human choice plays a crucial role in the use or abuse of alcohol.
  • "Alcohol". Christian Reformed Church in North America. 1996–2007. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • David Guzik. "Commentary on 1 Ti 5:23". Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  • "Theology and Practice of The Lord's Supper - Part I" (PDF). Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod. May 1983. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • "Wine History". Macedonian Heritage. 2003. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  • "Wine, Religion and Culture". Macedonian Heritage. 2003. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  • "Alcohol, Beverage use of". Presbyterian Church in America, 8th General Assembly. 1980. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • "Alcohol Misuse: A Social Catastrophe". Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  • "The Salvation Army's Position on Alcohol and Drugs". 1982 [1971]. Retrieved 2007-02-23.


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