| HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3) | |
|---|---|
 Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of HIV_GSL3 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | HIV_GSL3 |
| Rfam | RF00376 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Cis-reg |
| Domain(s) | Viruses |
| SO | SO:0000233 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |
HIV gag stem loop 3 (GSL3) is a secondary structural component of the Retroviral Psi packaging element, also known as the psi recognition element. This domain plays a major role in RNA packaging and is located the 5’ untranslated region of the unspliced HIV-1 genome.[1] [2] [3] GSL3 is known to direct specific packaging of HIV-1 genomic RNA. While deletion of GSL3 leads to decreases in both viral RNA packaging and dimerization, mutagenic studies have shown that it does not completely eliminate encapsulation of retroviral RNA.[4] [5]
Pharmaceutical Advancements
editInteraction with NCp7
editRNA encapsulation involves detection of the psi recognition element by the protein NCp7. NCp7 contains two successive zinc fingers which are linked by a stretch of basic residues. Their function is to activate annealing of primer tRNA to the initiation site (where reverse transcription occurs).[6] During this process, GSL3 interacts with NCp7 specifically. Current pharmaceuticals utilized for HIV/AIDS treatment inhibit fundamental processes in the replication cycle of the retrovirus. This interaction is a potential point of inhibition.
Inhibitory Ligands
editInhibitor development remains in an early phase. The challenge of synthesizing a compound with a simple molecular structure and low molecular weight in order to limit side interactions and the existence potentially detrimental stereoisomers requires both a computational and high-throughput approach.[7] 2-((5-nitroquinolin-8-yl)thio)ethanol, a potential lead compound, is shown below. It is selective for the loop structure of GSL3 over double and single stranded RNA. This implies that if released in a cell targeted by HIV, it would block the stem-loop and thus limit productive interaction with NCp7.[7]
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References
edit- ^ Amarasinghe, GK (2000 Aug 11). "NMR structure of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein bound to stem-loop SL2 of the psi-RNA packaging signal. Implications for genome recognition". Journal of Molecular Biology. 301 (2): 491–511. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.3979. PMID 10926523.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Darlix, J. L.; Lapadat-Tapolsky, M.; De Rocquigny, H.; Roques, B. P. (1995 Dec 8). "First glimpses at structure-function relationships of the nucleocapsid protein of retroviruses". Journal of Molecular Biology. 254 (4): 523–37. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0635. PMID 7500330.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Dietz, J.; Koch, J.; Kaur, A.; Raja, C.; Stein, S.; Grez, M.; Pustowka, A.; Mensch, S.; Ferner, J.; Möller, L.; Bannert, N.; Tampé, R.; Divita, G.; Mély, Y.; Schwalbe, H.; Dietrich, U. (2008 May). "Inhibition of HIV-1 by a peptide ligand of the genomic RNA packaging signal Psi". ChemMedChem. 3 (5): 749–55. doi:10.1002/cmdc.200700194. PMID 18205165. S2CID 22335115.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Damgaard, C. K.; Andersen, E. S.; Knudsen, B.; Gorodkin, J.; Kjems, J. (2004 Feb 13). "RNA interactions in the 5' region of the HIV-1 genome". Journal of Molecular Biology. 336 (2): 369–79. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.12.010. PMID 14757051.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Advances in Hiv-1 Assembly and Release. Springer Verlag. 15 July 2013. ISBN 978-1-4614-7728-0.
- ^ Morellet, N.; Jullian, N.; De Rocquigny, H.; Maigret, B.; Darlix, J. L.; Roques, B. P. (1992 Aug). "Determination of the structure of the nucleocapsid protein NCp7 from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by 1H NMR". The EMBO Journal. 11 (8): 3059–65. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05377.x. PMC 556789. PMID 1639074.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Warui, D. M.; Baranger, A. M. (2012 May 10). "Identification of small molecule inhibitors of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid-stem-loop 3 RNA complex". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 55 (9): 4132–41. doi:10.1021/jm2007694. PMID 22480197.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)