User:Donald Trung/Privately minted cash coins of Vietnam

This is mostly an experimental page to see if I could correctly implement the currently known calligraphic variants of Vietnamese cash coins without it being "too incomplete", though I'm an eventualist so that doesn't mean that I won't launch an incomplete list.

Unidentified Vietnamese coins from 1600 and later

At various times many rebel leaders proclaimed themselves as Lords (主), Kings (王), and Emperors (帝), and had produced their own coinage with their reign names and titles on them, but as their rebellions would prove unsuccessful or brief their reigns and titles would go unrecorded in Vietnamese history, therefore coins produced by their rebellions cannot easily be classified. Coins were also often privately cast and these coins were sometimes of high quality or well-made imitations of imperial coinage, though often they would bear the same inscriptions as already circulating coinage, sometimes they would have "newly invented" inscriptions. The Nguyễn lords that ruled over Southern Vietnam had also produced their own coinage at various times as they were the de facto kings of the South, but as their rule wasn't official, it is currently unknown what coins can be attributed to which Nguyễn lord. Though since Edouard Toda has made his list in 1882 several of the coins that he had described as "originating from the Quảng Nam province" have been ascribed to the Nguyễn lords that the numismatists of his time couldn't identify. During the rule of the Nguyễn lords many foundries for private mintage were also opened and many of these coins bear the same inscriptions as government cast coinage or even bear newly invented inscriptions making it hard to attribute these coins. however over the years many of these cash coins were attributed to private mints both in Vietnam and elsewhere.

The following list contains Vietnamese cash coins whose origins cannot be (currently) established:

Inscription (chữ Quốc ngữ)	Inscription (Hán tự)	Notes	Toda image	Image
Thiệu Thánh Nguyên Bảo	紹聖元寶
Minh Định Tống Bảo	明定宋寶	"Tống Bảo" (宋寶) is written in Seal script.
Cảnh Nguyên Thông Bảo	景元通寶	Appears in both Regular script, and Seal script.
Thánh Tống Nguyên Bảo	聖宋元寶
Càn Nguyên Thông Bảo	乾元通寶	Produced in the upper parts of Northern Vietnam.
Phúc Bình Nguyên Bảo	福平元寶	Written in Seal script.
Thiệt Quý Thông Bảo	邵癸通寶	Written in both Running hand and Seal script.
Dương Nguyên Thông Bảo	洋元通寶	Appear in multiple sizes.
Thiệu Phù Nguyên Bảo	紹符元寶	Written in Seal script.
Nguyên Phù Thông Bảo	元符通寶	Written in Seal script.
Đại Cung Thánh Bảo	大工聖寶
Đại Hòa Thông Bảo	大和通寶	The reverse is rimless.
Cảnh Thì Thông Bảo	景底通寶	The "底" closely resembles a "辰"
Thiên Nguyên Thông Bảo	天元通寶	A variant exists where the "元" is written in Seal script.
Nguyên Trị Thông Bảo	元治通寶	The characters "治" and "寶" are written in Seal script.
Hoàng Hi Tống Bảo	皇熙宋寶
Khai Thánh Nguyên Bảo	開聖元寶
Thiệu Thánh Thông Bảo	紹聖通寶
Thiệu Thánh Bình Bảo	紹聖平寶	the reverse is rimless.
Thiệu Tống Nguyên Bảo	紹宋元寶
Tường Tống Thông Bảo	祥宋通寶
Tường Thánh Thông Bảo	祥聖通寶
Hi Tống Nguyên Bảo	熙宋元寶
Ứng Cảm Nguyên Bảo	應感元寶
Thống Phù Nguyên Bảo	統符元寶
Hi Thiệu Nguyên Bảo	熙紹元寶
Chính Nguyên Thông Bảo	正元通寶	Variants exist with rimmed and rimless reverses, as well as one where there's a dot or a crescent on the reverse.
Thiên Đức Nguyên Bảo	天德元寶
Hoàng Ân Thông Bảo	皇恩通寶
Thái Thánh Thông Bảo	太聖通寶
Đại Thánh Thông Bảo	大聖通寶
Chánh Hòa Thông Bảo	政和通寶	A variant exists where there's a crescent a dot on the reverse, and another one with only the crescent.
Thánh Cung Tứ Bảo	聖宮慈寶		None
Thánh Trần Thông Bảo	聖陳通寶		None
Đại Định Thông Bảo	大定通寶		None
Chính Long Nguyên Bảo	正隆元寶		None
Hi Nguyên Thông Bảo	熙元通寶		None
Cảnh Nguyên Thông Bảo	景元通寶		None
Tống Nguyên Thông Bảo	宋元通寶		None
Thiên Thánh Nguyên Bảo	天聖元寶		None
Thánh Nguyên Thông Bảo	聖元通寶		None
Chính Pháp Thông Bảo	正法通寶		None
Tây Dương Phù Bảo	西洋符寶		None
Tây Dương Bình Bảo	西洋平寶		None
An Pháp Nguyên Bảo	安法元寶	Most often attributed to Lê Lợi (黎利).
Bình Nam Thông Bảo	平南通寶	Often attributed to the Nguyễn lords (阮主).	None

Privately minted cash coins of Vietnam

Many previously unidentified Vietnamese cash coins turned out to be privately minted by both legal and illegal mints in Vietnam, concurrently there were Chinese and Nusantaran forgers and illegal mints that produced cash coins for the Vietnamese market to exchange it for more valuable cash coins and silver at the border.

Thiên Thánh group (天聖手) 

Traditionally rebel Phạm Sư Ôn 1391 & related

Hi Nguyên group (熙元手)

  1400's?

"Bird claw" Chinh Long group 爪正隆手  Le semi-official tribute and trade c.1440-1516

"Broad rims" group 阔缘手  c. 1500-1600's

Vạn Kiep group 萬劫手 

"Bears fruit" Thuần Hi / Jie Chun Xi Shou 結淳凞手  1500's-late 1600's

Xứng Pháp group 称法手  Traditionally attributed to Le rebels c.1516-26

"Better cast" Chinh Long 別炉正隆手  Mac tribute and trade c. 1527-40

Hoàng Ân / Huang En group 皇恩手  Restored Le related 1533-50's

Minh Tống group / Ming Song Shou 明宋手  Traditionally Restored Le, after 1533

"Fine writing" Chí Ðạo group 纤字至道手  Mid-late 1500's

"Fine writing" small cash 纤字元豐手  c. 1570-1595

"Corroded characters" Cảnh Đúc / Shi Zi Jing De group 蝕字景德手  Northern, local, c. 1595-1650

"Turtle bao" Chi Đạo group / Gui Bao Zhi Dao Shou 龟寳至道手  Includes several mints c.1560's-1660.

An Phap style 安法手  Mid 1500's through 1700's

South China Sea trade cash circulated in Vietnam 

Trade imitations of Chinese Yong Le  1440's-1640 Origin in Vietnam or unknown (see also Japan and Indonesia)

Dụ Dân group 裕民手  Local 1685-1735

Nguyên controlled region, local and private issues  late 1600's - 1770's

Vĩnh Định group 永定手 

Thin brass issues c.1690-1850, inscriptions imitate earlier dynasties  Zhi Yuan shou 治元手, Wang Zhi Dao shou 網至道手, related and similar types.

"Excelling (tall) characters" / Chang zi group 長子手  Trade cash mint, South China or Vietnam c. 1525-90

Resembles Northern Song cash 疑似北宋類, origin uncertain 

Small copies of Kanei Tsuho 寬永通寶 

Vĩnh Lợi / Yong Li zinc-pewter group 永歷手