Creuzbourg

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Times of commotion

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Contested elections

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Demagogues in Congress

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The greed and selfishness of Congressmen

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Fowls

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Water

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Scandinavian English Old English Icelandic, German, French Medieval Latin
Lómr, Lom Loon Loom, Lumme Himbrimi, Taucher, Plongeon1682 Mergus
Dopping Grebe1766 Dopfugel Goði, Taucher, Grèbe1557 Mergulus
Hegri, Häghri, Häger Heron1300 Hrāgra Hegri, Reiher, Héron/Hairon1150 Ardea, Herodius
Storkr, Stork Stork Storc Storch, Cigogne1113 Ciconia, Cigonia
Gás, Gås Goose Gōs Gæs, Gans, Bernache/Oie1175 Anser
Svanr, Svan Swan Swan Svan, Schwann, Cygne/Cisne1170 Olor
Alpt, Ǫlpt, Emt, Svan Whooper, Hooper1556, Elk1552 Ylfete, Elfete Álft Cignus
Ǫnd, And Duck Ened Önd, Ente, Canard1199 Anas
Æþar, Æðr, Ejder Eider ´ Æður, Eiderente, Eider/Edre1260
Skrake, stor Goosander, Merganser1752 Gulönd, Gänseäger, Harle/Herle1290 Mergus, Merganser1550

Raptors

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Scandinavian English Old English Icelandic, German, French Medieval Latin
Gióðr, Giuþer, Fiskgjuse Osprey1450 Herefong Gjóður, Fischadler, Balbuzard1770 Ossifragus Lammergeier
Vákr, Vråk Buzzard1300 Tysċa, Wrocc? Vok, Bussard1500
(BūsantMHD/ MūsarMHD/MūsaroAHD)
Buse1460
Buteo
Gleða, Glada Kite Cȳta, Glede/Glida, Frysca Milan1700/Weihe/WīoAHD, Milan1500 Milvus
Haukr, Höker, Hök Hawk, Hauk1300 Havek1200 Heafoc Haukur, Habicht/HabuhAHD, Autour/Épervier (Hostur1100/Esprever1100) Accipiter
Örn Erne, Eagle1450 Earn Örn, Adler1100/AarAHD, Aigle/EgleOF Aquila
Valr, Falkr, Falker, Falk Falcon1350 Fealca Fálki, Falke/FalkoAHD, Faucon/Falcun1100 Falco

Falconry

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English French German Medieval Latin Scandinavian Image
Gyrfalcon
gerfalcon 1200
girfauc
Faucon gerfaut
girfaus 1180
Gerfalke/Jagdfalke Jaktfalk  
Peregrine 1550 faulcon pelerin 1250
Faucon pèlerin
Wanderfalke falco peregrinus Pilgrimsfalk  
Hobby Faucon hobereau 1377
hoberel 1195
Baumfalke Lärkfalk  
Kestrel
castrell 1400
windhover 1670
cresserele 1200
crécelle <1200
Faucon crécerelle
Turmfalke Tornfalk  
Merlin ~1375 esmerillon 1165
émerillon
Faucon émerillon
*smiril Frankiska
smerlo/smiril AHD
Merlin/Schmerl(in)
Stenfalk
Smyrill
 

Geese

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Image Scandinavian
Icelandic
Faroese
German
Netherlands
Low German
Frisian
English
French
  Grågås
Grágæs
Grágás
Graugans
Grauwe gans
Graugoos
Skiere goes
Greylag Goose
Oie cendrée
  Bläsgås
Tundragås
Blisgås
Blesgæs
Korngás
Blässgans
Kolgans
Blessgoos
Blesgoes·
White-fronted Goose
Oie rieuse
  Fjällgås
Dverggås
Dværggås
Fjallgæs
Ennihvít gás
Zwerggans
Dwerggans
Dwarggoos
Goudeachje
Lesser White-fronted Goose
Oie naine
  Sädgås
Sædgås
Akurgæs
Ekrugás
Saatgans/Rietgans
Taigarietgans
Reitgoos
Sidadgus/Taigawink
Bean goose
Oie des moissons
  Spetsbergsgås
Kortnebbgås
Kortnæbbet gås
Heiðagæs
Íslandsgás
Kurzschnabelgans
Kleine rietgans
Lüttje Reitgoos
Pink-footed goose
Oie à bec court
  Vitkindad gås
Hvitkinngås
Bramgås
Helsingi
Brandgås
Weißwangengans
Brandgans
Greenlungus
Gröönlandgoos
Barnacle goose
Bernache nonnette

Army size

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Size of European armies 1630-1710

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Size of European armies 1630-1710
Population ~1650 (millions)
Size of Army (thousands)
State Size ~~1475 ~~1555 ~~1595 ~1630 ~1650 ~1710
Denmark–Norway 1.3 [1] .. .. .. 30-40 [2] 35 [3] 53 [2]
Sweden-Finland 1.1 [1] .. .. 15 [4] 45 [4] 70 [4] 100 [4]
Brandenburg-Prussia 0.5 [5] .. .. .. 12 [6] 8 [7] 40 [8]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 11 [9] .. .. .. 17 [10] 53 [11] 50 [11]
100* [11]
Tsardom of Russia 15 [12] .. .. .. 45 [4] 92 [6] 170 [4]
Kingdom of England 4.7 [13] 25[4] 20[4] 30 [4] . . 70 [4] 87 [4]
Dutch Republic 1.5 [14] .. .. 20[4] 70 [15] 30 [15] 120 [15]
Kingdom of France 18 [16] 40[4] 50[4] 45 [4] 80 [15] 100 [15] 340-380 [15]
Habsburg Monarchy 8 [17] .. .. .. 100 [18] 20-24 [17] 110-130 [17]
Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon
7 [16] 20[4] 155[4] 200 [4] 300 [4] 100 [4] 50 [4]
Ottoman Empire 18 [19] .. .. .. 40** [20] 50** [20] 50** [20]
* All Polish forces, on both sides in the Great Northern War. ** Janissaries only.

Ottoman Army

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Ottoman Army Strength, 1299–1826
Year Yaya & Musellem Azab Akıncı Timarli Sipahi (Total) Timarli Sipahi & Cebelu Janissary Kapikulu Sipahi Other Kapikulu (Total) Kapikulu Fortress guards, Martalos and Navy Sekban Nizam-ı Cedid Total Strength of Ottoman Army
1350 1,000 est. 1,000 est. 3,500 est. 200 est. 500 est. - - - - - - - 6,000 est.
1389 4,000 est. 8,000 est. 10,000 est. 5,000 est. 10,000 est. 500 est. 250 est. 250 est. 1,000 est. 4,000 est. - - 37,000 est.
1402 8,000 est. 15,000 est. 10,000 est. 20,000 est. 40,000 est. 1,000 est. 500 est. 500 est. 2,000 est. 6,000 est. - - 81,000 est.
1453 8,000 est. 15,000 est. 10,000 est. 20,000 est. 40,000 est. 6,000[21] 2,000 est. 4,000 est. 12,000 est. 9,000 est. - - 94,000 est.
1528 8,180[22] 20,000 est. 12,000[22] 37,741[22] 80,000 est. 12,000 est. 5,000 est. 7,000 est. 24,146[22] 23,017[22] - - 105,084 – 167,343 est.
1574 8,000 est. 20,000 est. 15,000 est. 40,000 est. 90,000 est. 13,599[23] 5,957[23] 9,619[23] 29,175[23] 30,000 est. - - 192,175 est.
1607/
1609
[1] [2] [3] 44,404 (1607)[24] 50,000 est. (1609) 105,339 (1607)[24] 137,000 (1609)[25] 37,627 (1609)[26] 20,869 (1609)[23] 17,372 (1609)[23] 75,868 (1609)[23] 25,000 est. 10,000 est. - 196,207–247,868 est.
1670 [1] [2] [3] 22,000 est. 50,000 est. 39,470[23] 14,070[23] 16,756[23] 70,296[23] 25,000 est. 10,000 est. - 70,296- 155,296 est.
1807 [1] [2] [3] 400 est. 1,000 est. 15,000 est. 500 est. 500 est. 16,000 est. 15,000 est. 10.000 est. 25,000[27] 25,000–67,000 est.
1826 [1] [2] [3] 400 est. 1,000 est. 15,000 est. 500 est. 500 est. 16,000 est. 15,000 est. 15,000 est. - 47,000 est.

Notes: [1][a] |[2]|[b]|[3][c]

Notes

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  1. ^ (Yaya & Musellem) Yaya, light infantry, Musellem, light cavalry, over time they lost their original martial qualities and were employed only at such tasks as transportation or founding cannonballs. The organisation was totally abolished in 1582.[28]
  2. ^ (Azab) light infantry, during the last quarter of the 16th century, the Azabs disappeared from the Ottoman documentary record.[29]
  3. ^ (Akıncı) light cavalry, the Akıncıs continued to serve until 1595 when after a major rout in Wallachia they were dissolved by Grand Vezir Koca Sinan Paşa.[30]

References

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  1. ^ a b Ladewig-Petersen, E. (1999). "Nyt om trediveårskrigen." Historisk Tidsskrift., p. 101.
  2. ^ a b Petersen, Nikolaj Pilgård (2002). Hærstørrelse og fortifikationsudvikling i Danmark-Norge 1500-1720. Aarhus universitet: Universitetsspeciale i historie, pp. 11, 43-44.
  3. ^ "Militærets udvikling." danmarkshistorien. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Parker, Geoffrey (1976). "The ’Military Revolution’, 1560-1660 – a myth?". Journal of modern history, vol. 48, p. 206.
  5. ^ "Population of Germany." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  6. ^ a b Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650. London: Greenwood Press, vol. 2, p. 620, 852.
  7. ^ Kotulla, Michael (2008). Einführung in die deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Berlin: Springer, p. 267.
  8. ^ Craig, Gordon A. (1964). The Politics of the Prussian Army: 1640–1945. London: Oxford University Press, p. 7.
  9. ^ "Population of Central Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  10. ^ Augustyniak, Urszula (2004). W służbie hetmana i Rzeczypospolitej. Klientela wojskowa Krzysztofa Radziwiłła. Warsaw: Semper.
  11. ^ a b c Nolan, Cathal J. (2008), Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715. London: Greenwood Press, pp. 368-369.
  12. ^ "Population of Eastern Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  13. ^ "Population of the British Isles." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  14. ^ "The Netherlands." Population statistics. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  15. ^ a b c d e f Glete, Jan (2002). War and the State in Early Modern Europe. London : Routledge, p. 156.
  16. ^ a b "Population of Western Europe." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  17. ^ a b c Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797. London: Routledge, p. 26, 102.
  18. ^ Creveld, Martin van (2004 ). Supplying War. Cambridge University Press, p. 5.
  19. ^ "Population of Eastern Balkans." Tacitus.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-28
  20. ^ a b c Ágoston, Gabor (2010), "Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry and military transformation." In: Tallet, Frank & Trim, D.B.J. (eds.). European Warfare, 1350–1750. Cambridge University Press, p. 128.
  21. ^ Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm, Benjamin Lee Wren, page 146
  22. ^ a b c d e An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik, page 89
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 45
  24. ^ a b History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 127
  25. ^ Ottoman warfare, 1500–1700, Rhoads Murphey, page 42
  26. ^ Guild dynamics in seventeenth-century Istanbul: fluidity and leverage, Eunjeong Yi, page 134
  27. ^ The state at war in South Asia, Pradeep Barua, page 57
  28. ^ An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, Halil İnalcik , page 92, 1997
  29. ^ Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 62.
  30. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Stanford J. Shaw, page 129