An Historically Black College and University Marching Band (also known as an HBCU band) is the marching band sponsored by an Historically Black College and University. A distinctive "HBCU-style" of marching band originated in the American South in the 1940s through the blending of earlier traditions of military music and minstrel shows with a performance repertoire based on popular song.
The spectator popularity of HBCU bands within the campus communities of their institutions has historically eclipsed that of traditional athletics. One 2009 survey of students and alumni of HBCUs found that more than 83-percent felt that most people attended HBCU football games only to see the marching band perform.
Contradicting studies have linked HBCU membership with both higher and lower rates of academic achievement versus the at-large student population. Among the predominantly African-American membership of the ensembles, they have been theorized to support positive identity formation, while Caucasian students at HBCUs have been found to enjoy stronger social relationships with other students if a member of the institution's band than if not. Instances of death and serious injury have occurred among HBCU band members due to patterns of endemic and often violent hazing.
History edit
Origins edit
Early American military music recruited large numbers of black musicians.[1] A 1738 statute of the Virginia House of Burgesses required military service for “free mulattos, blacks, and Native Americans".[1] Due to government concerns of a domestic rebellion, they were prohibited from carrying arms and were, therefore, exclusively used as "drummers, fifers, trumpeters, or pioneers”.[1] As many as 5,000 African-Americans provided military service during the American War of Independence, including notable musicians such as Barzillai Lew. The tendency to recruit African-Americans into military bands continued after independence; following the War of 1812, a large number of civilian, all-black brass bands formed among veteran military musicians across the United States, but particularly in New Orleans where they often adopted the theatrical styles of minstrel shows.[2]
Early history edit
Drawing on these traditions, the first HBCU band was established in 1890 at Tuskegee Normal School (later Tuskegee University) under student direction. In 1907 its first professional director, retired U.S. Army Major Nathaniel Clark Smith, was appointed.[2] Ensembles at additional historically black colleges and universities followed. Under the early direction of W.C. Hardy, Alabama A&M University began performing popular songs of the day in addition to marches, an approach to music selection later popularized among other HBCU and Primarily White Institution (PWI) bands.[2][3]
The earliest incarnation of the modern HBCU style of marching band, in which the distinctive high-stepping style coalesced with popular music and elaborate dance routines by both bandsmen and auxiliaries, has been traced to Florida A&M University in the 1940s.[4] Beginning in 1952, under director Conrad Hutchinson, the Grambling State University band cultivated a reputation for extravagant performances that was soon emulated by bands at most other HBCUs.[4][5]
In 1955, the marching band of Tennessee State University became the first HBCU band to appear on national television during their performance at a Chicago Bears NFL game.[6] Six years later, in 1961, the band became the first HBCU band to perform for an inauguration of the President of the United States when it was assigned to the inaugural parade of John F. Kennedy.[6] The Grambling State University marching band provided halftime entertainment at Super Bowl I in 1967, with its performance later named "One of the Top 10 Super Bowl Halftime Shows” by Sports Illustrated.[6]
21st century edit
As of the 2010s, HBCU bands included those of Grambling State University, Tennessee State University, Norfolk State University, Texas Southern University, South Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, Jackson State University, Florida A&M University, Bethune Cookman University, Winston-Salem State University, Fayetteville State University, Shaw University, Southern University and Hampton University.[6][7][8] Some high schools, principally in the American South, have adopted the HBCU style, including Jefferson Davis High School of Montgomery, Alabama and Southwest DeKalb High School in Decatur, Georgia.[2][9]
Characteristics edit
Drum Majors edit
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Drum majors in HBCU bands fill a different role than those of other marching bands which use the position to control tempo and impart field direction.[10] The role of HBCU drum majors evolved from that of leaders of bands in minstrel parades who were performers themselves.[10][2]
Instrumentation edit
Many HBCU bands feature an instrumentation that privileges brass instruments to maximize sound and create a "brighter" musical tone. Snare drummers typically use a traditional, military-style sling drum instead of the harness drum typical of contemporary American marching bands.[11]
Marching style and drill technique edit
The marching style of HBCU bands has been described as "show style" and represents a modification of the high-step marching style popularized by the bands of the Big Ten Conference in the early 20th century with the addition of an upper body swing.[12][11] During field shows, HBCU bands perform geometric maneuvers featuring straight lines based on the four-person squad system of drill influenced by former Purdue University band director Bill Moffit's text Patterns in Motion.[11] These drills are interspersed with energetic dance routines known as breakdowns.[12][11]
Repertoire edit
From an early stage, HBCU bands have placed a focus on performing a musical repertoire reflective of the popular song of the day, a practice later adopted by PWI bands. This has recently included a heavy emphasis on R&B and Hip Hop chart toppers. HBCU bands are also known for "punches" – short, musical pieces drawn from the melody of songs associated with popular culture such as television and movie theme songs. During stoppages in game play these will be performed in alternating sequences with the opposing band, with the ensemble able to perform the most without repeating any "winning" the battle.[5][13]
Terminology edit
HBCU bands employ a distinct nomenclature. Performances are called battles, while the energetic participation or approval of the crowd is known as house and ensembles attempt to "win house".[14] Performing a "punch" is called throwing, as in "throwing a punch".[13]
Events edit
The National High Step Competition is an annual competitive performance for high school HBCU-style marching bands held in different U.S. cities in the Autumn months.
Sociological and pedagogical aspects of HBCU bands edit
Academics and personal development edit
Negative aspects edit
Graduation rates among members of HBCU marching bands tend to lag behind those of the general population of the institutions.[15]
Positive aspects edit
Research by Henry Taylor Frierson concluded that HBCU marching bands represent an ideal institution for development of black male youth by supporting positive identify formation and a customized support structure.
A 2011 study by Christopher Jett concluded that HBCU participation could be linked to "producing successful African American male mathematics majors".[16]
Cultural status edit
A 2009 study found that 50.2-percent of incoming, current, and former students and faculty at HBCUs listed the reputation of the school's marching band as a leading factor in their decision to attend or work at that institution, making it the fourth most cited factor after genuine interest, cultural connection, and location.[17] Meanwhile, 83.9-percent stated their feeling that most people attended HBCU football games only to see the marching band perform. In 2018, the Associated Press observed that "on some black college campuses, marching band members are more popular than basketball or football players".[18]
Gender roles edit
The position of drum major at HBCUs has traditionally been dominated by men.[19] In 2018, the first female drum-major at Florida A&M University was selected in that band's 72-year history.[20]
Hazing edit
Several sources have reported on endemic hazing within HBCU bands.[21][22] In 2011, NPR reported that – at one school – new members "had to face choreographed assaults, with two-by-fours, belts, baseball bats ... suffering literally hundreds of blows from their older compatriots".[21] Hazing-related deaths and injuries within the bands of Southern University and Florida A&M University have led to criminal prosecutions.[21]
A limited survey conducted in 2013 by Bruce Allen Carter of the National Council on the Arts found that gay males who were members of an HBCU band experienced "ever-present anxiety" when participating in band-related activities.[23] Each survey participant also reported being subject to hazing that was so "shameful and embarrassing" that it was "not something they ever discussed".[23]
The Red Dawg Order, a student anti-hazing organization established in 1994 within the Florida A&M University marching band, subsequently morphed into a "ganglike organization" that established a presence in nearly every HBCU band in the United States and became – in some bands – a leading instigator of hazing.[24][25]
Racial issues edit
HBCU bands tend to be predominantly African-American, though occasionally persons of other races have been members. According to a 2012 study, Caucasian students attending an HBCU generally avoided social activities and focused on academics, however, if they were a member of the school's band they "appeared to develop strong relationships with their peers" within the ensemble.[26]
In 2001, Matt Smith became the first Caucasian drum major at Hampton University.[7] According to Smith, opposing schools would use Smith's race to demean the group as a whole.[7]
From 2018 to 2020, Justin Heideman, who is Caucasian, was head drum major of the Jefferson Davis High School marching band, an HBCU-style high school band.[9] In the second year of Heideman's tenure, after video of one of the band's performances was posted online, Heideman encountered – according to USA Today – "hate, ignorance and prejudice" in a minority of online comments to the video, with some suggesting "there was something heinous about a group of black children following the lead of a white boy".[9] However, Jefferson Davis students defended Heideman's role and the majority of comments offered "praise and positive social engagement".[9] Writing in Teen Vogue, Danielle Kwateng-Clark later lauded Heideman as a positive example of "a white person ... existing in predominantly Black space".[27]
In popular culture edit
- The 2002 comedy film Drumline chronicled the story of students in a HBCU band. A television sequel, Drumline: A New Beat premiered on VH1 in 2014.[28]
- In 2017 ESPN launched ESPN/The Undefeated HBCU Band Rankings "to identify the top bands from the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) and Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC)".[29]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c O'Bannon, Ricky. "Composers in Uniform". bsomusic.org. Baltimore Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e Gasman, M. (2014). Opportunities and Challenges at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Springer. pp. 133–136. ISBN 1137480416.
- ^ Wootson, Cleve (February 3, 2018). "From Grambling State to Lady Gaga: The Super Bowl halftime show's humble history". Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ a b "History of African-American Marching Bands". Birmingham Times. August 18, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Kernodle, Tammy (2010). Encyclopedia of African American Music. ABC-CLIO. pp. 316–317. ISBN 0313342008.
- ^ a b c d "Top 10 Legendary HBCU Marching Bands". Philadelphia Tribune. October 8, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ a b c Smith, Matt (July 29, 2010). "It's Showtime". Halftime Magazine. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ White, Herbert (August 25, 2014). "At HBCUs, Band Members Are Halftime Heroes". Our State Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ a b c d Toran, Andre (December 14, 2019). "'Vanilla Funk': Hostile responses to viral video miss real story of white boy, black band". USA Today. Retrieved March 3, 2020.
- ^ a b Whitley, Carla Jean (October 30, 2015). "HBCU bands are as—or more—popular than their football teams. Here's why". The Birmingham News. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Katzman, Christine (March 17, 2009). "The Art and Technique of HBCU". Halftime Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Ferris, William (2010). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 14: Folklife. University of North Carolina Press. p. 322. ISBN 0807898554.
- ^ a b Lewis, William (October 17, 2001). "Stepping Tall". Indy Week. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, Harvey (2014). The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 16: Sports and Recreation. University of North Carolina Press. p. 145. ISBN 1469616769.
- ^ Hollinger, Michelle (December 29, 2015). "Bethune Cookman University Drum Majors Fulfill Graduation Promise". South Florida Times. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ Jett, Christopher (2013). "HBCUs Propel African American Male Mathematics Majors" (PDF). Journal of African American Studies. 13: 189. doi:10.1007/s12111-011-9194-x.
- ^ Frierson, Henry Taylor (2009). Black American Males in Higher Education: Research, Programs and Academe. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 14–18. ISBN 1849506434.
- ^ Landrum, Jonathan (April 10, 2018). "For marching bands at historically black schools, it's 'about the showmanship'". San Jose Mercury News. Associated Press. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ Graham, Latria (February 17, 2017). "While female drum majors remain rare, NaKia Bryant leads her band to new success". ESPN. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ Ellison, Denver (August 1, 2018). "First female drum major at FAMU is from DeKalb". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
- ^ a b c Deford, Frank (December 7, 2011). "For Some Marching Bands, Hazing Means Brutality". NPR. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ Paterson, James (November 8, 2018). "Another student group suspended for hazing — this time, it's the band". Education Dive. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ a b Carter, Bruce (2013). ""Nothing Better or Worse Than Being Black, Gay, and in the Band": A Qualitative Examination of Gay Undergraduates Participating in Historically Black College or University Marching Bands". Journal of Research in Music Education. 61 (1): 38–39.
- ^ Inabinett, Curtis (2016). The Legendary Florida A&M University Marching Band The History of “The Hundred”. Page. p. 233. ISBN 1683489810.
- ^ Sanders, Topher (February 4, 2012). "FAMU's Red Dawgs started as shelter from hazing; now part of school's darkest period". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ Carter, Joelle Davis (2012). "An Analysis of White Student Engagement at Public HBCUs" (PDF). Educational Foundations: 55.
- ^ Kwateng-Clark, Danielle (November 8, 2019). "White Drum Major John Heiderman Used His Virality for Good". Teen Vogue. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
- ^ http://remotecontrol.mtv.com/2014/01/29/charlamagne-and-friends-nick-cannon-drumline-2-sneak-peek/
- ^ "New Content Initiative Highlights Marching Band Culture at Historically Black Colleges and Universities". espnpressroom.com. ESPN. Retrieved March 3, 2020.