Anatolia was first inhabited by hunter-gatherers during the Paleolithic era, which transitioned into the Neolithic era. Hacilar culture flourished in the Southern Anatolia by 5400 B.C.[1] By Early Bronze Age, period of "urbanization" on the central Anatolian plateau resulted in emergence of complex societies, including Troy.(p. 231)[2] By 1400 B.C., Hittite Empire flourished in the central Anatolian part, bordered by Arzawa Kingdom which extended into the Aegean coast; Sea Peoples caused the collapse of their rules.[1] Post-Hittite Anatolia was a patchwork including peoples such as Phrygians, Carians, Cimmerians, Lycians, Lydians, and Urartians.[2][3][1] Various genetic studies suggested that these indigenous populations form the basis of modern Turkish population today,[1][3] with the "genetic continuity of Anatolia’s Iron Age populations into the Seljuk, Mamluk and Ottoman eras."[3]: 18 Prior to Turkic arrival, Anatolia had been Hellenized, after Alexander the Great's conquest in 334 BC.[2]
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