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edit(I added everything below- I will add this above the medication section in the full article) -Ash
Neuroscience of Dissociative Disorders
editDifferences in Brain Activity in Dissociative Disorders
editDissociative disorders are characterized by distinct brain differences in the activation of various brain regions including the inferior parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex, and limbic system.[1] Those with dissociative disorders have higher activity levels in the prefrontal lobe and a more inhibited limbic system on average than healthy controls.[1] Heightened corticolimbic inhibition is associated with distinctly dissociative symptoms such as depersonalization and derealization.[1] The function of these symptoms is thought to be a coping mechanism employed in extremely threatening or traumatic events.[2] By inhibiting structures in the limbic system, such as the amygdala, the brain is able to reduce extreme levels of arousal. In the dissociative subtype of PTSD, there is both excessive control of emotions through suppressed limbic structures and insufficient control of emotions in the hyperactivity of the medial prefrontal cortex. Increased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex is associated with non-dissociative symptoms such as re-experiencing and hyperarousal.[1]
Differences in Volume of Brain Structures in Dissociative Disorders
editThere are notable differences in the volume of certain areas of the brain such as reduced cortical and subcortical volumes in the hippocampus and amygdala.[3] Reduced volume of the amygdala may account for the lessened emotional reactivity observed during dissociation.[3] The hippocampus is associated with learning and the formation of memory, and its reduced volume is associated with impairments in memory for those with DID and PTSD.[4] Brain-imaging studies demonstrating the link between reduced hippocampal volume and DID as well as PTSD have added to empirical support for the controversial existence of the disorder, [5] as additional brain-imaging studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between hippocampal volume and early childhood abuse (which is hypothesized to be a potential contributing factor to dissociative symptoms).[6][7]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Spiegel, David; Lewis-Fernández, Roberto; Lanius, Ruth; Vermetten, Eric; Simeon, Daphne; Friedman, Matthew (2013-03-28). "Dissociative Disorders in DSM-5". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 9 (1): 299–326. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531. ISSN 1548-5943.
- ^ DSM-IV-TR. 1000 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209: American Psychiatric Association. 2000-01. ISBN 0-89042-024-6.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ a b Lotfinia, Shahab; Soorgi, Zohre; Mertens, Yoki; Daniels, Judith (2020-09-01). "Structural and functional brain alterations in psychiatric patients with dissociative experiences: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 128: 5–15. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.006. ISSN 0022-3956.
- ^ Blihar, David; Delgado, Elliott; Buryak, Marina; Gonzalez, Michael; Waechter, Randall (2020-09-01). "A systematic review of the neuroanatomy of dissociative identity disorder". European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 4 (3): 100148. doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2020.100148. ISSN 2468-7499.
- ^ Reinders, A. A. T. S.; Chalavi, S.; Schlumpf, Y. R.; Vissia, E. M.; Nijenhuis, E. R. S.; Jäncke, L.; Veltman, D. J.; Ecker, C. (2018-02). "Neurodevelopmental origins of abnormal cortical morphology in dissociative identity disorder". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 137 (2): 157–170. doi:10.1111/acps.12839. ISSN 0001-690X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Chalavi, Sima; Vissia, Eline M.; Giesen, Mechteld E.; Nijenhuis, Ellert R.S.; Draijer, Nel; Cole, James H.; Dazzan, Paola; Pariante, Carmine M.; Madsen, Sarah K.; Rajagopalan, Priya; Thompson, Paul M.; Toga, Arthur W.; Veltman, Dick J.; Reinders, Antje A.T.S. (2015-05). "Abnormal hippocampal morphology in dissociative identity disorder and post‐traumatic stress disorder correlates with childhood trauma and dissociative symptoms". Human Brain Mapping. 36 (5): 1692–1704. doi:10.1002/hbm.22730. ISSN 1065-9471. PMC 4400262. PMID 25545784.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Blihar, David; Crisafio, Anthony; Delgado, Elliott; Buryak, Marina; Gonzalez, Michael; Waechter, Randall (2021-05-27). "A Meta-Analysis of Hippocampal and Amygdala Volumes in Patients Diagnosed With Dissociative Identity Disorder". Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 22 (3): 365–377. doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1869650. ISSN 1529-9732.