User:CFCF/sandbox/Anatomical terms of motion

This article is about anatomical terms of motion, for anatomical terms of the human body see Human anatomical terms, or for anatomical terms of location see Anatomical terms of location.

The voluntary movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of muscles. Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other, or may move parts of internal organs relatively to each other. All such movements are classified by the directions in which the affected structures are moved. In human anatomy, all descriptions of position and movement are based on the assumption that the body is in its complete medial and abduction stage and is in anatomical position.

The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits to a limb's or organ's motion, such as in hyperflexion or hyperextension. Such movements are variously important; they may be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures, and also may be important in that they may seriously stress the joints involved. Such prefixes are common in Medical terminology.

Classifications of motion

According to the movements of joints

Motions can be split into three categories:

gliding motion

Occurs between flat surfaces, such as in the intervertebral discs or between the carpal and metacarpal bones of the hand.

angular motion

Occur over synovial joints and causes them to either increase or decrease angles between bones.

rotational motion

Moves said structure in a rotational motion in several planes.^[1]

Motions are classified after the planes they engage.^[1]

According to the direction of the movement

Apart from this motions can also be divided into^[2]:

linear motion (or translatory motion)

Motion in a straight line between different points. Every part of the structure or body moves in the same direction simultaneously.

rectilinear motion

A linear motion in a straight line.

curvilinear motion

Motions that follow a curved path, but don't need to be completely circular. Examples include javelins be thrown and following a parabolic trajectory, or the earth following its path around the sun.

angular motion (or rotary motion)

Occurs when an object is around another object increasing or decreasing the angle. The different parts of the object do not move the same distance. Examples include a movement of the knee, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the ankle (plantar and dorsiflexion).

Motions of the human body are more often than not a combination of above motions, and different motions, such as angular motions may as a result lead to linear motions etc.^[2]

Motions of the body

Motions occuring over joints are also known as joint movements or osteokinematics, and depend on the joints of the body (mainly synovial. All motions that are created by the body are considered to be a mixture of or a single contribution of the following types of movement.

Most terms of a motion have clear opposites, and as such, are treated below in pairs.

General motion

Adjusting angle between two parts	Flexion – Bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts. Bending the elbow, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When sitting down, the knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or shoulder moves the limb forward (towards the anterior side of the body). Good examples of hip flexors are the rectus femoris, sartorius, iliacus, and psoas. Some knee flexors are the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, and some elbow flexors are the brachialis, biceps brachii, and brachioradialis.	Extension – The opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. In a conventional handshake, the fingers are fully extended. When standing up, the knees are extended. Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the limb backward (towards the posterior side of the body). Elbow extensors include the triceps brachii and anconeus. The main muscles that extends the hip is the gluteus maximus. The muscles that extend the knee are the quadriceps group: the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
Adjusting relation to mid-line of body	Abduction – A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot). Abduction of the wrist is called radial deviation. Raising the arms laterally is an example of abduction. A good example for the arm is the deltoid. Some leg abductors are the gluteus medius and the gluteus minimus.	Adduction – A motion that pulls a structure or part toward the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb. Dropping the arms to the sides, or bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction. In the case of the fingers or toes, adduction is closing the digits together. Adduction of the wrist is called ulnar deviation. The inner thigh houses some adductors, including the adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, and pectineus. The latissimus dorsi is a good example for the humerus. (Known as reduction when it occurs in the spine, returning the spine from a lateral movement to its original state^[3].
Rotating body parts	Internal rotation (or medial rotation) of the shoulder or hip would point the toes or the flexed forearm inwards (towards the midline). The pectoralis major and subscapularis both medially rotate the humerus. The adductor longus and adductor brevis both medially rotate the thigh.	External rotation (or lateral rotation) is the opposite of internal rotation. It would turn the toes or the flexed forearm outwards (away from the midline). The sartorius laterally rotates the femur. The infraspinatus and teres minor both laterally rotate the humerus.
Adjusting elevation	Elevation – Movement in a superior direction. The upper muscle fibers of the trapezius aid in elevating the apex of the shoulder.	Depression – Movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation. Opposite to the upper fibers, the lower half of the trapezius aids in depressing the apex of the shoulder.

Special motions of the hands and feet

surfaces of the hands and feet	The palm (adj palmar) of the hand corresponds to the sole (adj plantar) of the foot. The adjective volar, used mainly in orthopaedics, is synonymous with palmar and plantar. As in palmar flexion and plantar flexion.^[4]	The dorsum (back) of the hand corresponds to the dorsum (top) of the foot. As in dorsiflexion of the hand and foot.^[4]
rotation of the forearm	Pronation – A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. This is not medial rotation as this must be performed when the arm is half flexed. (See also Pronator quadratus and Pronator teres muscle.)	Supination – The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up. The hand is supine (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position. (See also Supinator muscle.)
bending of the entire foot	Dorsiflexion – Flexion of the entire foot superiorly, as if taking one's foot off an automobile pedal.	Plantarflexion – Extension of the entire foot inferiorly, as if pressing an automobile pedal. Occurs at ankle.
movement of the sole of the foot	Eversion – the movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.	Inversion – the movement of the sole towards the median plane (same as when an ankle is twisted).
compound movement of the foot	Pronation - a combination of abduction, eversion, and dorsiflexion.	Supination - a combination of adduction, inversion, and plantarflexion.

Other special motions

anterior/posterior movement – general	Protrusion – The anterior movement of an object. This term is often applied to the jaw.	Retrusion – The opposite of protrusion, moving a part posteriorly.
anterior/posterior movement – shoulders	Protraction – Anterior movement of the arms at the shoulders.	Retraction – Posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders.
motion within body (such as in blood vessels or the digestive system)	anterograde motion is in the normal direction of flow. (For example, passage of food from the mouth to the stomach.)	retrograde motion means reversed flow. (For example, gastric reflux.)
Side and center movements of the mandible - excursions^[4]	Lateral excursion moves the mandible away from the midline, toward either the right or left side.^[4]	Medial excursion returns the mandible to its resting position at the midline.^[4]

Some additional motions without clear opposites are as follows:

Rotation – A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. The head rotates on the neck, as in shaking the head 'no'.
Circumduction – The circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist are examples of circumductive movement.

Opposition – A motion involving a grasping of the thumb and fingers.
Reposition – To release an object by spreading the fingers and thumb.

Reciprocal motion of a joint – Alternating motion in opposing directions, such as the elbow alternating between flexion and extension.
Occlusion - motion of the mandibula towards the maxilla making contact between the teeth.^[5]
Reduction - To return the spine or neck to its original state from a lateral movements (abduction), also classified as an adduction of the spine or neck.^[3]

Movements of the human body

The following movements of bones constitute what movements are normally possible in various joints of the human body. Animals may have different degrees of movement; due to different position of joints, different muscles and different structures that block motion in the human body.

Certain movements are difficult to classify, such as movements of the carpal bones of the hand, or the tarsal bones of the foot, and are only really known by the orthopedic surgeon or hand surgeon specializing in their movements and not by ordinary medical practitioners.^{[citation needed]}

SC and AC joint

Scapula and clavicula	Abduction (Protraction)	Adduction (Retraction)
	Depression	Elevation
	Rotation Upward (Superior Rotation)	Rotation Downward (Inferior Rotation)

Shoulder

Glenohumeral joint - shoulder	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Adduction	Abduction
	Transverse Adduction	Transverse Flexion
	Transverse Abduction	Transverse Extension
	Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)	Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)

Below missing transverse abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, yoinked from Glenohumeral joint

Movements of the shoulder joint.^[6]
Movement	Muscles	Origin	Insertion
Flexion (150°–170°)	Anterior fibers of deltoid	Clavicle	Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
	Clavicular part of pectoralis major	Clavicle	Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
	Long head of biceps brachii	Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula	Tuberosity of radius, Deep fascia of forearm
	Short head of biceps brachii	Coracoid process of scapula	Tuberosity of radius, Deep fascia of forearm
	Coracobrachialis	Coracoid process	Medial aspect of shaft of humerus
Extension (40°)	Posterior fibers of deltoid	Spine of scapula	Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
	Latissimus dorsi	Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3–4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula	Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
	Teres major	Lateral border of scapula	Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
Abduction (160°–180°)	Middle fibers of deltoid	Acromion process of scapula	Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
Abduction (160°–180°)	Supraspinatus	Supraspinous fossa of scapula	Greater tuberosity of humerus
Adduction (30°–40°)	Sternal part of pectoralis major	Sternum, upper six costal cartilages	Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus
	Latissimus dorsi	Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula	Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
	Teres major	Lower third of lateral border of scapula	Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
	Teres minor	Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula	Greater tuberosity of humerus
Lateral rotation (in abduction: 95°; in adduction: 70°)	Infraspinatus	Infraspinous fossa of scapula	Greater tuberosity of humerus
	Teres minor	Upper two thirds of lateral border of scapula	Greater tuberosity of humerus
	Posterior fibers of deltoid	Spine of scapula	Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus
Medial rotation (in abduction: 40°–50°; in adduction: 70°)	Subscapularis	Subscapular fossa	Lesser tuberosity of humerus
	Latissimus dorsi	Iliac crest, lumbar fascia, spines of lower 3-4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula	Floor of bicipital groove of humerus
	Teres major	Lower third of lateral border of scapula	Medial lip of bicipital groove of humerus
	Anterior fibers of deltoid	Clavicle	Middle of lateral surface of shaft of humerus

Elbow

Joint	From	To	Description
Humeroulnar joint	trochlear notch of the ulna	trochlea of humerus	Is a simple hinge-joint, and allows of movements of flexion and extension only.
Humeroradial joint	head of the radius	capitulum of the humerus	Is a ball-and-socket joint.
Superior radioulnar joint	head of the radius	radial notch of the ulna	In any position of flexion or extension, the radius, carrying the hand with it, can be rotated in it. This movement includes pronation and supination.

Wrist and fingers

Wrist & Midcarpals	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Adduction (Ulna Deviation)	Abduction (Radial Deviation)

Metacarpophalangeal(finger)	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Adduction	Abduction

Interphalangeal (finger)	Flexion	Extension

Carpometacarpal (thumb)	Flexion	Extension
	Adduction	Abduction
	Opposition

Metacarpophalangeal (thumb)	Flexion	Extension
	Adduction	Abduction

Interphalangeal (thumb)	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension

Neck

Neck (Atlantoccipital & Antlantoaxial)	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Lateral Flexion (Abduction)	Reduction (Adduction)
	Rotation

Spine

Cervical spine	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Lateral Flexion (Abduction)	Reduction (Adduction)
	Rotation

Thoracic spine	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Lateral Flexion (Abduction)	Reduction (Adduction)
	Rotation

Lumbar spine	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Lateral Flexion (Abduction)	Reduction (Adduction)
	Rotation

Hip (acetabulofemoral joint - art.coxae)	Flexion	Extension
	Adduction	Abduction
	Transverse Adduction	Transverse Abduction
	Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)	Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)

Knee - atriculatio genus	Flexion	Extension
	Medial Rotation (Internal Rotation)	Lateral Rotation (External Rotation)

Ankle	Plantar Flexion	Dorsi Flexion

Feet

Intertarsal - (foot)	Inversion	Eversion
	Plantarflexion

Metatarsophalangeal (toes)	Flexion	Extension / Hyperextension
	Abduction	Adduction

Interphalangeal (toes)	Flexion	Extension

Additional images

Sternoclavicular joint
The hip joint

R

^ ^a ^b Elaine N. Marieb, Particia Brady Wilhelm, Jon Mallat (2010). Human Anatomy. Pearson. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-321-61611-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Lynn S. Lippert (2011). Clinical kinesiology and anatomy / Lynn S. Lippert. — 5th ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-8036-2363-7.
^ ^a ^b "Spine Articulations". Retrieved November 18, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Anatomy & Physiology". Openstax college at Connexions. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ "The Occlusion" (PDF). Retrieved November 15, 2013.
^ Snell, Richard S. Clinical Anatomy by Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 427–428.

This content may be insufficiently formated, do not move it into articles yet -- CFCF (talk) 11:49, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

[Human_Anatomy_Marieb-1] Elaine N. Marieb, Particia Brady Wilhelm, Jon Mallat (2010). Human Anatomy. Pearson. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-321-61611-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Clinical_Kinesiology_and_Anatomy,_Lippert-2] Lynn S. Lippert (2011). Clinical kinesiology and anatomy / Lynn S. Lippert. — 5th ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-8036-2363-7.

[Spine_Articulations_ExRx.net-3] "Spine Articulations". Retrieved November 18, 2013.

[Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-4] "Anatomy & Physiology". Openstax college at Connexions. Retrieved November 16, 2013.

[5] "The Occlusion" (PDF). Retrieved November 15, 2013.

[6] Snell, Richard S. Clinical Anatomy by Systems. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 427–428.

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