Genetics edit
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. The Ukrainian gene pool includes the following y-haplogroups, in order from the most prevalent: R1a (43%), I (27%; mostly I2a), R1b (8%), E1b1b (7%), N3 (5%), J2 (4%), G (3%), T (1%).[1] Note the high percentage of Ukrainians carrying R1a; such high frequencies of R1a have also been found only in Belarus, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, and on the Indian subcontinent.[2] In comparison to their neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a (43%) in their population as do Poles, Russians and Belarusians (55%, 46%, and 49%, respectively). Unlike Poles and Russians, Ukrainians have a high percentage of I2a2, typical of the Danube region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finnic, Baltics and Siberian populations and also less Haplogroup R1b than Poles.[3][4][5] In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians.
Haplogroup R1a marks the migration patterns of some of the early Indo-Europeans (who carried both R1a and R1b), as well as the subsequent Scytho-Sarmatians, and is associated with the distribution of the Kurgan archaeological culture. The second major haplogroup is haplogroup I2a, found in the Balkan and Danube regions. Haplogroup J2 and haplogroup E mark the migration patterns of the Middle-Eastern agriculturists during the neolithic age. The presence of the N3 lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes.[6]
A study in 2007 (by Rebala et al.) examined several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland and concluded that based on Y chromosome data the origins of the Slavs are likely in the middle Dnieper basin of Ukraine,[7] which is consistent with the most likely location of the Proto-Slavic lingual Urheimat.[8]
TRUNCATED NON-DISPUTED VERSION
Genetics edit
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. The Ukrainian gene pool includes the following y-haplogroups, in order from the most prevalent: R1a (43%), I (27%; mostly I2a), R1b (8%), E1b1b (7%), N3 (5%), J2 (4%), G (3%), T (1%).[9] Note the high percentage of Ukrainians carrying R1a; such high frequencies of R1a have also been found only in Belarus, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, and on the Indian subcontinent.[2] In comparison to their neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a (43%) in their population as do Poles, Russians and Belarusians (55%, 46%, and 49%, respectively). Unlike Poles and Russians, Ukrainians have a high percentage of I2a, which is typical of the Balkan and Danube regions, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finnic, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less R1b than Poles.[3][4][5] In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N3 lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes.[10]
OLD VERSION
Genetics edit
DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Ukrainians were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups. The Ukrainian gene pool includes six haplogroups: R1a, F, E, J, N3, and P. The percentage of Ukrainians carrying the R1a genes was quite high at 41.5–54.0%.[3] Such high frequencies of R1a have also been found only in Belarus, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, and on the Indian subcontinent.[2] Haplogroup R1a is thought to mark the migration patterns of the early Indo-Europeans and is associated with the distribution of the Kurgan archaeological culture. The second major haplogroup is haplogroup F, found in the Balkan and Danube regions. Haplogroup P found represents the genetic contribution of the population originating from the ancient autochthonous population of Europe. Haplogroup J and Haplogroup E mark the migration patterns of the Middle-Eastern agriculturists during the Neolithic. The presence of the N3 lineage is likely explained by a contribution of the assimilated Finno-Ugric tribes.[11]
A recent study (Rebala et al. 2007) examined several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland and concluded that based on Y chromosome data the origins of the Slavs are likely in the middle Dnieper basin of Ukraine,[12] which is consistent with the most likely location of the Proto-Slavic lingual Urheimat.[8]
In comparison to their neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of Haplogroup R1a (43%) in their population as do Poles, Russians and Belarusians (55%, 46%, and 49%, respectively). Unlike Poles and Russians, Ukrainians have a high percentage of I2a2, typical of the Danube region, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finnic, Baltics and Siberian populations and also less Haplogroup R1b than Poles.[3][4][5] In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians.
- ^ Kushniarevich A, Utevska O (2015) "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data"
- ^ a b c Di Luca, F.; Giacomo, F.; Benincasa, T.; Popa, L.O.; Banyko, J.; Kracmarova, A.; Malaspina, P.; Novelletto, A.; Brdicka, R. (2006). "Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic" (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 132 (1). Wiley-Blackwell: 132–139. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20500. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
- ^ a b c d Semino O.; Passarino G.; Oefner P.J.; Lin A.A.; Arbuzova S.; Beckman L.E.; De Benedictis G.; Francalacci P.; Kouvatsi A.; Limborska S.; Marcikiae M.; Mika A.; Mika B.; Primorac D.; Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S.; Cavalli-Sforza L.L.; Underhill P.A. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective" (PDF). Science. 290 (5494). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1155–1159. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2003.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Alexander Varzari, "Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms" (2006)
- ^ a b c Marijana Peričić et al 2005, High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations.
- ^ "Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups. ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', Volume 40, Number 3 / March, 2004". Springerlink.com. 2004-03-01. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
- ^ "Rebala K et al. (2007), ''Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin'', Journal of Human Genetics, 52:406-14". Springerlink.com. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
- ^ a b Anna Giacalone Ramat; Paolo Ramat, eds. (1998). The Indo-European Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 415–417. ISBN 978-0-415-06449-1.
- ^ Kushniarevich A, Utevska O (2015) "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data"
- ^ "Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups. ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', Volume 40, Number 3 / March, 2004". Springerlink.com. 2004-03-01. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
- ^ "Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups. ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', Volume 40, Number 3 / March, 2004". Springerlink.com. 2004-03-01. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
- ^ "Rebala K et al. (2007), ''Y-STR variation among Slavs: evidence for the Slavic homeland in the middle Dnieper basin'', Journal of Human Genetics, 52:406-14". Springerlink.com. Retrieved 2012-11-02.