Chamber Pot edit
A chamber pot is a receptacle in which one would excrete waste in a ceramic or metal pot. Among Romans and Greeks, chamber pots were brought to meals and drinking sessions[1]. Johan J. Mattelaer said, “Plinius has described how there were large receptacles in the streets of cities such as Rome and Pompeii into which chamber pots of urine were emptied. The urine was then collected by fullers.” This method was used for hundreds of years; shapes, sizes, and decorative variations changed throughout the centuries[2]. This method is no longer used in developed countries.
Garderobe edit
Garderobes were toilets used in the Middle Ages most commonly found in upper-class dwellings. Essentially, they were pieces of wood or stone connecting from one wall to the other with one or more holes to sit on. These would go into pipes that would lead outside the castle or manor[3]. Garderobes would be placed in areas away from bedrooms to shun the smell[4] and also near kitchens or fireplaces to keep the area warm[5].
Urinal edit
Although it is possible for the urinal to be used by females, it was originally constructed for males. It was designed primarily for the disposal of urine and not solid objects. It is meant to be used in a standing position for the convenience of male users and also has no door, stall, and takes less space. These receptacles are most commonly found in public places but can occasionally be found in a private home.
Squat Toilet edit
The squat toilet (also called “squatter” or “squatty-potty”) consists of a hole in the ground; however, it does flush like a modern toilet, not to be compared to a contemporary portable toilet with no plumbing. To use this toilet, one is in a squatting position rather than sitting. The squatting method is accompanied by advantages as well health benefits that connect to easiness of procedures such as child birth[6]. The squat toilet is most commonly found in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East but can also occasionally be found in some European, Mediterranean, and South American countries[7].
Flushing Toilet edit
Sewer systems have been in invention since the Roman Chamber Pot and have increasingly hygienically improved to contemporary toilet usage. The contemporary toilet was founded in Western culture[8]. For the usefulness of both genders, the modern toilet has an adjustable seat, convenient for males to stand and convenient for females to stand. When toilet is flushed, the water leads into sewage and eventually ends in a water treatment plant. Here the water is cleaned and removed of unhealthy parts and re-used[9].
Self Cleaning Toilet edit
The Self-Cleaning Toilet is a fairly new invention found in star-rated bathrooms around the world. One example of this is the Sanisafe System®. The steps of this system are as follows:
The toilet automatically flushes
Sani-Cs10 is released to sanitize the seat
The seat begins to rotate for 20 seconds
Rotation continues until the seat is dry
Sani-CS10 is dispersed as a mist to disinfect the bowl
Sani-CS10 germicide remains in the bowl[10]
References edit
- ^ Mattelaer, Johan J. "Some Historical Aspects of Urinals and Urine Receptacles." World Journal of Urology 17.3 (1999): 145-50. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 1999. Web. 11 Nov. 2011
- ^ Powell, Christine A. "Port Royal Chamberpots Inroduction." Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M University. Texas A&M University, 1 Dec. 1996. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ "Middle Ages Hygiene." Middle Ages. The Middle Ages Website. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ Russell, J. G. B. "Moulding Of The Pelvic Outlet." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 76.9 (1969): 817-20. Print.
- ^ Ling, David. "Squat Toilets - Where Can They Still Be Found?" Ezine Articles. Ezine Articles, 22 May 2007. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ Kagan, Mya. "Where Does the Water Go When I Flush the Toilet?" Kids' Why Questions. Whyzz. Publications LLC, 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
- ^ Steps taken from http://www.sanisafe.com/how-it-works