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"Automeris io, the Io moth (EYE-oh) or Peacock moth, is a colorful North American moth in the family Saturniidae [1]." from Automeris io
The io moth is also a member of the subfamily Hemileucinae [2]. The name Io comes from Greek mythology in which Io was a mortal lover of Zeus [3].
Distribution:
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"The Io moth ranges from the southeast corner of Manitoba and in the southern extremes of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia in Canada, and in the US it is found from Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, east of those states and down to the southern end of Florida [4]. " from Automeris io
Article body
editAdult Description: *Copied directly from Automeris io
edit"Imagines (sexually mature, reproductive stage) have a wingspan of 2.5–3.5 inches (63–88 mm) [4][2]. This species is sexually dimorphic, males having bright yellow forewings, body, and legs, while females have reddish-brown forewings, body, and legs [5]. The males also have much bigger plumose (feathery) antennae than the females[5]. There have been instances of gynandromorphism in io moths [6]. Both males and females have one big black to bluish eyespot with some white in the center, on each hindwing, a defense mechanism meant to frighten off potential predators, when the moth is sitting in the head-down position or touched [7][8]. Some hybridizations have resulted in variations in these hindwing eyespots[7]. Adults only live 1–2 weeks."
Parasitoids:
editMany species of flies (Tachinidae) and wasps (Ichneumonidae and Braconidae) are known parasitoids [5]. The flies: the introduced Compsilura concinnata, Lespesia sabroskyi, Chetogena claripennis, Carcelia formosa, Sisyropa eudryae, Lespesia frenchii, and Nilea dimmocki [9][10]. The Ichneumonidae wasps: Hyposoter fugitivus and Enicospilus americanus [5]. Then the Braconidae wasps: Cotesia electrae and Cotesia hemileucae [5].
Predators:
editIo moths have many predators. These include birds, small mammals, and spiders[5].
Defenses: *Only one sentence about this included in article
editStinging spines of caterpillar Io moths have a very painful venom that is released with the slightest touch; a condition known as erucism. There are two hypotheses regarding where this venom originates: (1) the glandular cells on the base of the branched seta or (2) from the secretory epithelial cells [11]. Contacting the seta is not life threatening for humans, but still causes irritation to the dermal tissue, thought to result in a stinging sensation [12][13].
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Life Cycle from Automeris io:
edit*Note - not much editing required for this section, just need citations added:
There was an additional host plant found:
Erythrina herbacea, coral bean[14]
Lythrum salicaria, introduced Purple Loosestrife[15]
"The eggs have large micropyle rosettes that turn black as the fertile eggs develop. They are usually laid in clusters of more than twenty and hatch within 8-11 days[5]. From the eggs, orange larvae emerge, usually eating their egg shell soon after hatching [5]. They go through five instars, each one being a little different.
The caterpillars are gregarious in all their instars, many times traveling in single file processions all over the food plant [16][2]. As the larvae develop, they will lose their orange color and will turn bright green and urticating, having many spines. The green caterpillars have two lateral stripes, the upper one being bright red and the lower one being white. These caterpillars can reach sizes of 7 cm in length [1]. When the caterpillars are ready, they spin a flimsy, valveless cocoon made from a dark, coarse silk. Some larvae will crawl to the base of the tree and make their cocoons among leaf litter on the ground, while others will use living leaves to wrap their cocoons with [5][2]. The leaves will turn brown and fall to the ground during fall, taking the cocoons with them [5][2]. There they pupate, the pupa being dark brown/black [5]. The pupae also have sexual dimorphism with the females being considerably larger than the males [5].
Adult moths normally emerge from their cocoons in late morning or early afternoon. The emergence of the adult moths is typically from June to July [17]. Eclosion (emergence from the cocoon) only takes a few minutes [16]. After eclosing, the moths climb and hang on plants so that their furled wings can be inflated with fluid (hemolymph) pumped from the body. This inflation process takes about twenty minutes.
Adult moths are strictly nocturnal, generally flying during the peak hours of the night [17]. The females generally wait until nightfall and then extend a scent gland from the posterior region of the abdomen, in order attract males via wind-borne pheromones [5]. The males use their antennae to detect the pheromones. After mating, the females die following egg laying. These moths have vestigial mouthparts and do not eat in the adult stage [3][2]."
Conservation:
editThe io moth is currently not listed on the IUCN Red List or the US Federal List [16]. In the eastern range of the US, there have been populations that indicate a declining trend [18][16].
References
edit- ^ a b "Species Automeris io - Io Moth - Hodges#7746". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ a b c d e f "Io moth Automeris io (Fabricius, 1775) | Butterflies and Moths of North America". www.butterfliesandmoths.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ a b "Io Moth (Automeris io)". www.insectidentification.org. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ a b Eric Hossler, Dirk Elston, and David Wagner (2008). "What's Eating You? Automeris io" (PDF). Close Encounters with the Environment. 82: 21–24.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "io moth - Automeris io (Fabricius)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2022-02-11.
- ^ Sourakov, Andrei (2015). "Gynandromorphism in Automeris io (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)" (PDF). News of The Lepidopterists’ Society. 57: 118–129 – via Research Gate.
- ^ a b Sourakov, Andrei (2017-09-26). "Giving eyespots a shiner: Pharmacologic manipulation of the Io moth wing pattern". F1000Research. 6: 1319. doi:10.12688/f1000research.12258.2. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 5629545. PMID 29057069.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Stevens, Martin (2005-11). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the Lepidoptera". Biological Reviews. 80 (4): 573–588. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006810. ISSN 1469-185X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Meigen, Johann Wilhelm (1818). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europäischen zweiflugeligen Insekten / von Johann Wilhelm Meigen. s.l. :: s.n.,.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ O’Hara, James E.; Wood, D. Monty (1998-12). "TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA): NOMENCLATURAL REVIEW AND CHANGES, PRIMARILY FOR AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO". The Canadian Entomologist. 130 (6): 751–774. doi:10.4039/ent130751-6. ISSN 0008-347X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ellis, Elston, Hossler, Cowper, and Rapini (2021). "What's Eating You? Caterpillars" (PDF). Close Encounters with the Environment. 108: 346–351.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Villas-Boasa, Alvarez-Floresb, Chudzinski-Tavassib, and Tambourgi (2016). "Envenomation by Caterpillars" (PDF). Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. 57: 1–17.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ JONES, DAVID L.; MILLER, JOSEPH H. (1959-01-01). "Pathology of the Dermatitis Produced by the Urticating Caterpillar, Automeris Io". A.M.A. Archives of Dermatology. 79 (1): 81–85. doi:10.1001/archderm.1959.01560130083009. ISSN 0096-5359.
- ^ "Access Suspended". bioone.org. doi:10.18473/lepi.v67i4.a6.full. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
- ^ Barbour, James; Kiviat, Erik (2018-01-10). "Introduced Purple Loosestrife as Host of Native Saturniidae (Lepidoptera)". The Great Lakes Entomologist. 30 (2). ISSN 0090-0222.
- ^ a b c d Miner, Angela. "Automeris io". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-02-13.
- ^ a b "Adult and Larva of Moths of Pennsylvania: Moths and Butterflies" (PDF). WRCF Poster. Retrieved February 16, 2022.
- ^ Wagner, David (2012). "Conservation Matters: Moth Decline in the Northeastern United States" (PDF). News of the Lepidopterists’ Society. 54: 52–55 – via News of the Lepidopterists’ Society.