Tritirachium oryzae is a fungus in the Basidiomycota often mistaken for a member of the Ascomycota. it is a mesophile linked recently with human pathogenicity in multiple, rare cases. This species produces airborne spores and is an endophyte of several plant species in North America, South America and in the Middle East.
| Tritirachium oryzae | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Tritirachiomycetes |
| Order: | Tritirachiales |
| Family: | Tritirachiaceae |
| Genus: | Tritirachium |
| Species: | T. oryzae
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| Binomial name | |
| Tritirachium oryzae (Vincens) de Hoog (1972)
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| Synonyms | |
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History of taxonomy
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Tritirachium oryzae was first described as Beauveria oryzae by Vincens in 1923 in a study of fungi on rice in the French Vietnamese colony of Cochinchina.[1] The species epithet, "oryzae" derives from the Latin, orza, meaning rice. In 1940, Limber created the genus Tritirachium based on the zig-zag nature of the conidiom bearing cells that resembled the flowering rachis ofTriticum. Saccas independently rediscovered the fungus and named it Beauveria heimii in 1948. In 1972, de Hoog re-evaluated these fungi and confirmed the correct name to be Tritirachium oryzae.[2] The fungus is a member of the phylum, Basidiomycota, distantly related to the rust fungi.[3]
Morphology
editTritirachium oryzae is an asexual[3] fungus that grows well at 25-28 °C aerobically.[2] It develops distinctly purple colonies with a velvet-like surface and pale to dark reddish-brown reverse coloration.[4] Colonies consist of pale to brown smooth thin-walled hyphae.[5] Conidia-bearing hyphae branch off and taper to form long and flat thick-walled arms,[6] which have a characteristic zig-zag form.[3] Conidia are 2.5 x 2.1 μm[5] with a glassy-like appearance and are formed in spirals on conidiogenous cells The microorganism resembling wheat flowering heads.[4][3] Conidia readily break free of the bearing cells and become airborne.[7] Identification can be readily established using either morphological or molecular genetic methods.[7][6][8][5][9]
Ecology
editTritirachium oryzae is commonly found on soil and decaying plant material[10] and has been reported on maize[11] and other crops. The fungus has been isolated from paper, vegetable fibres, textiles and adhesives,[7] and is infrequently found in insulation materials, wood and ceiling tiles.[12] This fungus has been reported globally in Iran,[7] Pakistan,[9] India,[6] Brazil,[8] and the United States.[12]
Pathogenicity
editTritirachium oryzae can either act as a symbiont such as in Himalayan blue pine[9] and other plants, or as an opportunistic pathogen of insects and humans.[6] Human infection has been recorded multiple times under nails,[6][7] in the cornea,[4] and in the scalp,[8] but produces little pathological substances harmful to humans.[13] These infections are readily treated by azole topical drugs such as ketoconazole,[6] itraconazole and posaconazole.[7] The fungus is potentially active against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and is active against the plant pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata and Staphylococcus aureus.[9]
References
edit- ^ a b Vincens, M.-F. (1923). "Observations sur le Sclerotium Oryzae faites en Cochinchine". Revue de Pathologie Végétale et d'Entomologie Agricole de France. 10: 112–131.
- ^ a b de Hoog, G.S. (1972). "The genera Beauveria, Isaria, Tritirachium and Acrodontium gen". Studies in Mycology. 1: 1–41.
- ^ a b c d Beguin, Hugues; Pyck, Nancy; Detandt, Monique (2012-02-01). "Tritirachium, a hyphomycetous genus belonging to the Basidiomycota". Nova Hedwigia. 94 (1): 139–152. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2012/0094-0139. ISSN 0029-5035.
- ^ a b c Schell, Wiley A.; Lee, Arthur G.; Aime, M. Catherine (2011). "A new lineage in Pucciniomycotina: class Tritirachiomycetes, order Tritirachiales, family Tritirachiaceae". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1331–1340. doi:10.3852/10-333. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 21642341. S2CID 35798698.
- ^ a b c Manohar, Cathrine Sumathi; Boekhout, Teun; Müller, Wally H.; Stoeck, Thorsten (2014). "Tritirachium candoliense sp. nov., a novel basidiomycetous fungus isolated from the anoxic zone of the Arabian Sea" (PDF). Fungal Biology. 118 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.010. ISSN 1878-6146. PMID 24528637.
- ^ a b c d e f Vanam, Hari Pankaj; Rao, P. Narsimha; Mohanram, Kalyani; Yegneswaran, Prakash Peralam; Rudramurthy, Shiva Prakash Mandya (2017-11-21). "Distal Lateral Subungual Onychomycosis Owing to Tritirachium oryzae: A Bystander or Invader?". Mycopathologia. 183 (2): 459–463. doi:10.1007/s11046-017-0226-5. ISSN 0301-486X. PMID 29164433. S2CID 3806308.
- ^ a b c d e f Naseri, Ali; Fata, Abdolmajid; Najafzadeh, Mohammad Javad (2013-04-17). "First Case of Tritirachium oryzae as Agent of Onychomycosis and Its Susceptibility to Antifungal Drugs". Mycopathologia. 176 (1–2): 119–122. doi:10.1007/s11046-013-9653-0. ISSN 0301-486X. PMID 23591624. S2CID 591102.
- ^ a b c Moraes, R. N. R.; Ribeiro, M. C. T.; Nogueira, M. C. L.; Cunha, K. C.; Soares, M. M. C. N.; Almeida, M. T. G. (2009-11-15). "First Report of Tritirachium oryzae Infection of Human Scalp". Mycopathologia. 169 (4): 257–259. doi:10.1007/s11046-009-9253-1. ISSN 0301-486X. PMID 19916056. S2CID 35382951.
- ^ a b c d Qadri, Masroor; Rajput, Roopali; Abdin, Malik Z.; Vishwakarma, Ram A.; Riyaz-Ul-Hassan, Syed (2014-02-22). "Diversity, Molecular Phylogeny, and Bioactive Potential of Fungal Endophytes Associated with the Himalayan Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana)". Microbial Ecology. 67 (4): 877–887. doi:10.1007/s00248-014-0379-4. ISSN 0095-3628. PMID 24563192. S2CID 16609829.
- ^ Pakshir, Keyvan; Rahimi Ghiasi, Moosa; Zomorodian, Kamiar; Gharavi, Ali Reza (2013). "Isolation and Molecular Identification of Keratinophilic Fungi from Public Parks Soil in Shiraz, Iran". BioMed Research International. 2013: 619576. doi:10.1155/2013/619576. ISSN 2314-6133. PMC 3728497. PMID 23956993.
- ^ Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service (2000). "IMPORT RISK ANALYSIS FOR THE IMPORTATION OF BULK MAIZE FROM THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA REVISED DRAFT" (PDF). Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia.
- ^ a b Prezant, B., Weekes, D. & Miller, J. (2008). Recognition, evaluation, and control of indoor mold. Fairfax, VA: American Industrial Hygiene Association.
- ^ Fischer, Guido; Schwalbe, Regina; Möller, Manfred; Ostrowski, Rene; Dott, Wolfgang (1999). "Species-specific production of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) by airborne fungi from a compost facility". Chemosphere. 39 (5): 795–810. Bibcode:1999Chmsp..39..795F. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00015-6. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 10448558.