Toconce is a volcano in Chile.
| Toconce | |
|---|---|
 Toconce. | |
| Highest point | |
| Elevation | 5,335 m (17,503 ft)[1] |
| Coordinates | 22°11′17″S 68°04′43″W / 22.18806°S 68.07861°W[1] |
| Geography | |
  Toconce | |
Toconce volcano has a central crater and is constructed mainly by andesitic lava flows, which were emplaced during three different stages. The last stage generated the bulk of the volcanic edifice. The volcano was glaciated between 15,000 - 11,000 years ago and this has resulted in glacial erosion and the development of moraines above 4,300 metres (14,100 ft) elevation.[2] The glacial erosion has excavated a number of glacial valleys on the volcano,[3] and hydrothermally altered rocks from inside the edifice have been exposed.[4]
Toconce volcano is constructed atop the Toconce and Sifon ignimbrites. These ignimbrites belong to a dacite-rhyolite ignimbrite sequence which many volcanoes in the Central Andes are constructed on. The ignimbrite sequences together with the stratovolcanoes form the volcanic arc in the Central Andes,[1] which here constitutes the Central Volcanic Zone.[4] The relatively small Tolar ignimbrite was erupted from Toconce volcano, over 1.3 million years ago.[5]
The San Pedro-Linzor chain of volcanoes is a chain of volcanoes of late Pleistocene-Holocene age that is parallel to several other chains of volcanoes in the region but perpendicular to the main volcanic arc. Aside from Toconce, it includes San Pedro, San Pablo, Paniri, Cerro del León and Linzor, covering a length of 65 kilometres (40 mi).[1] One sample from Toconce has been dated to 1.1 ± 0.1 million years before present.[4] These volcanoes are composed by pyroclastics and scoria as well as lava domes and lava flows and are mostly andesitic; however the entire spectrum of lavas from basaltic andesite to dacite can be encountered there.[6]
The rocks at Toconce are formed primarily by plagioclase and glass, with amphibole, biotite, pyroxene and quartz making up the rest. The volcanic sequence belongs to the potassium rich calc-alkaline series. Hydrothermal alteration has given rise to clay, oxidation products and sericite.[7][2] Obsidian was quarried on the mountain.[8]
References edit
- ^ a b c d López et al. 2012, p. 600.
- ^ a b López et al. 2012, p. 601.
- ^ Hollingworth, S. E.; Guest, J. E. (1967). "Pleistocene Glaciation in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile". Journal of Glaciology. 6 (47): 749–751. Bibcode:1967JGlac...6..749H. doi:10.1017/S0022143000019985. ISSN 0022-1430.
- ^ a b c Polanco, Clavero & Giavelli 2015, p. 462.
- ^ Layana, S.; Aguilera, F. (1 December 2014). "Constraints for recently discovered ignimbrites in the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC), northern Chile". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 31: V31E–4795. Bibcode:2014AGUFM.V31E4795L.
- ^ Godoy, Benigno; Wörner, Gerhard; Kojima, Shoji; Aguilera, Felipe; Simon, Klaus; Hartmann, Gerald (July 2014). "Low-pressure evolution of arc magmas in thickened crust: The San Pedro–Linzor volcanic chain, Central Andes, Northern Chile". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 52: 26. Bibcode:2014JSAES..52...24G. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.02.004. ISSN 0895-9811.
- ^ Polanco, Clavero & Giavelli 2015, p. 463.
- ^ Morales, J.R.; Cancino, S.; Miranda, P.; Dinator, M.I.; Seelenfreund, A. (November 2007). "Application of PIXE to the characterization of vitreous dacites from archaeolgical sites in the Atacama region in northern Chile". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 264 (2): 334. Bibcode:2007NIMPB.264..333M. doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.08.084. ISSN 0168-583X.
Sources edit
- López, Christopher; Aguilera, Felipe; Godoy, Benigno; Wörner, Gerhard; Kojima, Shoji (January 2012). "Evolución del sistema Volcánico Toconce (Región de Antofagasta, Chile) mediante interpretación fotogeológica, petrográfica y geoquímica" (PDF). SERNAGEOMIN (in Spanish). 13th Chilean Geological Congress. pp. 600–602. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2015.
- Polanco, Eduardo; Clavero, Jorge; Giavelli, Also (25 March 2015). "Geología de la cadena volcánica Paniri-Toconce, Zona Volcánica Central, Altiplano de la Región de Antofagasta, Chile" (PDF). researchgate.net (in Spanish). Antofagasta: 13° Congreso Geológico Chileno. pp. 462–464. Retrieved 24 September 2015.