This is a short timeline of women lawyers. Much more information on the subject can be found at: List of first women lawyers and judges by nationality.
19th century
edit- 1847 – Marija Milutinović became the first female lawyer and attorney in Serbia, doing exclusively pro bono work for charity throughout her whole career[1]
- 1869 – Arabella Mansfield became the first female lawyer in the United States when she was admitted to the Iowa bar.[2]
- 1870 – Ada Kepley became the first woman to graduate from law school in the United States; she graduated from Chicago University Law School, predecessor to Union College of Law, later known as Northwestern University School of Law.[3]
- 1872 – Charlotte E. Ray became the first African-American female lawyer in the United States.[4]
- 1872 – Clara Hapgood Nash became the first woman admitted to the bar in New England.[5]
- 1873 – Johanna von Evreinov became the first woman to obtain a Doctor of Law (Dr. jur.) degree in Germany on 21 February 1873, after having been admitted as a guest student at Leipzig University.[6]
- 1873 – Bradwell v. State of Illinois, 83 U.S. 130 (1873), was a United States Supreme Court case that solidified the narrow reading of the Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and determined that the right to practice a profession was not among these privileges. The case is also notable for being an early 14th Amendment challenge to sex discrimination in the United States. In this case, the United States Supreme Court held that Illinois constitutionally denied law licenses to women because the right to practice law was not one of the privileges and immunities guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Illinois Supreme Court affirmed.
- 1879 – A law was enacted allowing qualified female attorneys to practice in any federal court in the United States.[7]
- 1879 – Belva Ann Lockwood became the first woman to argue before the United States Supreme Court.[8]
- 1888 – Cornelia Sorabji became the first woman to practice law in India. After she received a first class degree from Bombay University in 1888, British supporters helped to send her to Oxford University. Here, Sorabji became the first woman to sit the Civil Law exams but was not able to graduate as women could not be awarded degrees until 1920.
- 1897 – Clara Brett Martin became the first female lawyer in Canada and the British Empire.[9]
- 1897 – Ethel Benjamin became the first female lawyer in New Zealand and the first to appear as counsel for any case in the British Empire.[10][11]
- 1899 – The (American) National Association of Women Lawyers, originally called the Women Lawyers' Club, was founded by a group of 18 women lawyers in New York City.[4]
20th century
edit- 1905 – Flos Greig became the first female barrister in Australia.
- 1911 – Clotilde Luisi became the first female lawyer in Uruguay.[12]
- 1912 – In the South African case, Incorporated Law Society v. Wookey, 1912 AD 623, the Appellate Division found that the word "persons" used in the statute concerning admission of attorneys to the bar included only men, and thus Madeline Wookey could not be a lawyer.[13][14][15] This case came about because although a law firm was willing to enroll Wookey as an articled clerk, the Cape Law Society refused to register her articles.[14] Wookey then applied to the Cape Supreme Court, which ordered the Cape Law Society to register her.[14] The Cape Law Society then appealed this to the Appellate Division, claiming that Wookey could not be admitted as a lawyer because she was female.[14]
- 1913 – Natividad Almeda-Lopez became the first female lawyer in the Philippines.[16]
- 1917 – Judge Praskovya Danilova-Plotnikova became the first female judge in Soviet Russia. The first female judge in Siberia and the Far East.
- 1918 – Judge Mary Belle Grossman and Mary Florence Lathrop became the first two female lawyers admitted to the American Bar Association.[4]
- 1918 – Eva Andén became the first female lawyer admitted to the Swedish Bar Association.[17]
- 1920 – Edith Cowan became Australia's first female magistrate.
- 1920 – Ella Negruzzi became the first female lawyer in Romania.[18][19]
- 1922 – Ivy Williams became the first woman to be called to the English bar.[20]
- 1922 – Women were allowed to become lawyers in Belgium.[21]
- 1922 – Helena Normanton became the first female barrister to practice in England.[22]
- 1922 – Florence E. Allen became the first woman elected to a U.S. state supreme court (specifically, the Ohio Supreme Court).[23]
- 1922 – Florence King became the first woman to argue a patent case before the U.S. Supreme Court.[24]
- 1922 – Auvergne Doherty became the first woman from Western Australia to be admitted to the English bar.
- 1923 – Irene Antoinette Geffen (née Newmark) became the first female lawyer in South Africa when she was admitted to the bar in the Transvaal in 1923.[25][26]
- 1923 – Florence King became the first woman to win a case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1923 (Crown v. Nye).[24]
- 1928 – Genevieve Cline won U.S. Senate confirmation on May 25, 1928, as a judge of the United States Customs Court (now known as the Court of International Trade), received her commission on May 26, 1928, and took her oath of office in the Cleveland Federal Building on June 5, 1928,[27] thus becoming the first American woman appointed to the federal bench.[28]
- 1929 – Olive H. Rabe became the first woman to argue a free speech case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1929 (United States v. Schwimmer).[29]
- 1937 – Anna Chandy of Travancore (later Kerala), British India, became the first woman judge in the Anglo-Saxon world.[30]
- 1940 – Ai Kume, Masako Nakata, and Yoshiko Mibuchi became the first three women admitted to the bar in Japan.[31]
- 1941 – Frances Moran became the first woman to take silk in the British Isles when she was called to the Irish Inner Bar.
- 1943 – Frances Wright was called to the bar, becoming the first female lawyer in Sierra Leone.[32]
- 1956 – Elizabeth Evatt became the first woman appointed as a judge to the Family Court of Australia. She would go on to serve as Chief Justice in 1976.
- 1965 – Lorna E. Lockwood became the first woman chief justice of any U.S. state (specifically, she was chief justice of Arizona).[33]
- 1970 – Doris Brin Walker became the first female president of the (American) National Lawyers Guild.[34]
- 1971 – Barring women from practicing law was prohibited in the U.S.[35]
- 1976 – Pat O'Shane became the first Indigenous Australian barrister in NSW. She would go on to become a magistrate.
- 1981 – Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman to serve as a justice of the United States Supreme Court.[36]
- 1981 – Arnette Hubbard became the first female president of the (American) National Bar Association.[37][38]
- 1978 – Asma Jahangir Advocate and first female Human Rights Activist who established Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.
- 1984 – In Hishon v. King & Spaulding (1984), the United States Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 bans discrimination by employers in the context of any contractual employer/employee relationship, including but not limited to law partnerships.[39]
- 1987 – Mary Gaudron became the first woman to serve as a Justice of the High Court of Australia.
- 1988 – Sue Gordon was appointed as magistrate to the Perth Children's Court becoming the first Indigenous Australian magistrate in Western Australia.
- 1988 – Juanita Kidd Stout was appointed to the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, thus becoming the first African-American woman to serve on a state's highest court.[4]
- 1993 – Ruth Bader Ginsburg became the first Jewish female to serve as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.[40]
- 1995 – Roberta Cooper Ramo became the first female president of the American Bar Association.[41]
21st century
edit- 2008 – Roberta Cooper Ramo became the first female president of the American Law Institute.[41]
- 2009 – Sonia Sotomayor became the first Hispanic and Latina female to serve as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.[40]
- 2013 – Bayan Mahmoud Al-Zahran and three of her peers became the first Saudi Arabian women granted a license to practice law. Although female Saudi Arabian law students had begun graduating from schools five years earlier, they had been forbidden from court appearances until now.[42]
- 2017 – Susan Kiefel became the first female Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia.
- 2019 – Tengku Maimun Tuan Mat became the first female Chief Justice of Malaysia.
- 2022 – Ketanji Brown Jackson became the first African-American woman to serve as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.[40]
- 2023 – Sue Carr became the first woman to head the judiciary of England and Wales since the inception of the office in the 13th century.[43][44][45]
- 2024 – Mandisa Maya was appointed as South Africa’s first female Chief Justice.[46]
- 2024 - Isabel Perelló became the first woman to preside over the General Council of the Judiciary and the Supreme Court of Spain.[47][48]
- 2024 – Efua Ghartey was elected as the first female president of the Ghana Bar Association (GBA).[49]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ http://knjizenstvo.etf.bg.ac.rs/sr-lat/authors/marija-popovic-milutinovic [dead link]
- ^ Martha C. Nussbaum (24 January 2012). Philosophical Interventions: Reviews 1986-2011. Oxford University Press. pp. 400–. ISBN 978-0-19-977785-3.
- ^ "First Women Lawyers | Women's Bar Association Of Illinois". Wbaillinois.org. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ a b c d "History". NAWL. 1923-08-28. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ "Clara Hapgood Nash: A Woman of Her Time and Ahead of It". Acton Historical Society website, June 17, 2018.
- ^ Margrit Twellmann, Wolfgang Abendroth (1972). Marburger Abhandlungen zur Politischen Wissenschaft (in German). Hain. p. 112. ISBN 9783445009210.
Die erste Frau, die in Deutschland an der Universität in Leipzig am 21. 2. 1873 zum Dr. jur. promovierte, war die Russin Johanna von Evreinov; sie war als "Gasthörerin" in Leipzig zugelassen worden.
- ^ Brian Burns (2017). Gilded Age Richmond: Gaiety, Greed & Lost Cause Mania. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 108–. ISBN 978-1-62585-851-1.
- ^ "20,000 Women Strike for Worker's Rights / Women 's Leadership in America History". .cuny.edu. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ "Clara Brett Martin | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Mary Jane Mossman (31 May 2006). The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-1-84731-095-8.
- ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Benjamin, Ethel Rebecca". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
- ^ Christine Ehrick (2005). The Shield of the Weak: Feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903-1933. UNM Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-8263-3468-8.
- ^ "Incorporated Law Society v. Wookey" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ a b c d "Memeorandum, Re:Exclusion of women from the legal profession in the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and South Africa" (PDF). Cornell University. November 25, 2012. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ Buchanan, Kelly (6 March 2015). "Women in History: Lawyers and Judges | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress". Blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
- ^ Jimenez-David, Rina (8 September 2012). "The CJ and the trailblazer". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Magnus Ullman: Kvinnliga pionjärer verksamma i Sverige
- ^ Bucur, Maria (2006). "Negruzzi, Ella (1876–1948)". In de Haan, Francisca; Daskalova, Krassimira; Loutfi, Anna (eds.). Biographical dictionary of women's movements and feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th centuries. Budapest, Hungary: Central European University Press. pp. 363. ISBN 978-9-637-32639-4 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Agrigoroaie, Mircea (7 May 2014). "Ella Negruzzi, prima femeie avocat din Estul Europei" [Ella Negruzzi first woman lawyer in Eastern Europe]. Legal Magazin (in Romanian). Bucharest, Romania: Ping Pong Media SRL. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
- ^ Hazel Fox, ‘Williams, Ivy (1877–1966)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2006 accessed 20 July 2012; England's First Woman Barrister. Miss Ivy Williams "Called.", The Times, Thursday, May 11, 1922; pg. 7; Issue 43028; col D
- ^ Richard J Evans (1979). Kvinnorörelsens historia i Europa, USA, Australien och Nya Zeeland 1840–1920 (The Feminists: Women's Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and Australasia, 1840–1920) Helsingborg: LiberFörlag Stockholm. ISBN 91-38-04920-1 (Swedish)
- ^ The Kolberg Partnership, London (2008-03-06). "Out of the Archive Talk- Helena Normanton: first woman barrister, The Women's Library, Old Castle Street London E1 7NT - General London Event". Allinlondon.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ Feather, Carl E. (2014-07-25). "Judge Florence Allen: First female justice of a state supreme court". Star Beacon. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ a b "Biographical Search | Women's Legal History". Wlh.law.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2015-03-22.
- ^ "Of Interest to Women". The Nevada Daily Mail. No. 28 June 1923.
- ^ Billson, Janet Mancini; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2005). Female Well-Being: Toward a Global Theory of Social Change. Zed Books. p. 245. ISBN 978-1842770092. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ^ William Ganson Rose, Cleveland: the Making of a City, 1990: Kent State Univ. Press, p. 854 (ISBN 0873384288)
- ^ Jo Freeman, A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics, 2002: Rowman and Littlefield, p. 216 (ISBN 084769805X)
- ^ google. "To the High Court: Olive Rabe Representing Rosika Schwimmer".
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help) - ^ "'Manu and the 'muse'". The Telegraph India. 4 June 2016. Archived from the original on June 7, 2016.
- ^ Buchanan, Kelly (6 March 2015). "Women in History: Lawyers and Judges | In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress". Blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ Wyse, Akintola J.G. (1989). The Krio of Sierra Leone: an interpretative history. C Hurst & Co. p. 39. ISBN 978-1850650317.
- ^ Zachary Alden Smith (1 January 2002). Politics and Public Policy in Arizona. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 129–. ISBN 978-0-275-97118-2.
- ^ Colin Wark; John F. Galliher (23 April 2015). Progressive Lawyers under Siege: Moral Panic during the McCarthy Years. Lexington Books. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-0-7391-9561-1.
- ^ "Nettie and Florence Cronise, Ohio's first female lawyers, honored in Tiffin". Associated Press. 10 November 2013. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Sandra Day O'Connor Institute | Sandra Day O'Connor Biography". Oconnorhouse.org. 1930-03-26. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ "First woman president of National Bar Association installed | African American Registry". Aaregistry.org. 1981-07-31. Archived from the original on 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2015-05-12.
- ^ Fred D. Gray (2002). Bus Ride to Justice: Changing the System by the System : the Life and Works of Fred D. Gray, Preacher, Attorney, Politician. NewSouth Books. pp. 308–. ISBN 978-1-58838-113-2.
- ^ "Hishon v. King & Spaulding". Casebriefs. 1984-05-22. Retrieved 2018-08-02.
- ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions on Justices - Supreme Court of the United States".
- ^ a b "Law School Commencement - Featured Events - Lewis & Clark". Lclark.edu. 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
- ^ Zoepf, Katherine (2016-01-03). "Saudi Women Realize Their Rights". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
- ^ Siddique, Haroon (15 June 2023). "Dame Sue Carr appointed first female lord chief justice in England and Wales". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
- ^ "Dame Sue Carr is first Lady Chief Justice, the top judge for England and Wales". BBC News. 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
- ^ Hymas, Charles (2023-09-26). "Britain's most senior judge to be called Lady Chief Justice". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
- ^ Development, Department of Justice and Constitutional. "Ministry welcomes the appointment of Justice Mandisa Maya as Chief Justice, 25 Jul 2024". www.justice.gov.za. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
- ^ Jiménez, Pedro (3 September 2024). "Isabel Perelló se convierte en la primera mujer en presidir el Poder Judicial". Cadena SER (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 September 2024.
- ^ Martialay, Ángela (3 September 2024). "El CGPJ elige por 16 votos a la progresista Isabel Perelló como nueva presidenta del Poder Judicial". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 September 2024.
- ^ Asare, Wilberforce (September 11, 2024). "Historic: Bar Association elects Ghartey and Barth as first female president, vice-president".