Tempel Synagogue was a Progressive Jewish synagogue, located at the Old Market Square 14 (the historic Fish Market) in Lviv, at the time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; and, since 1991, now in Ukraine. Lviv was one of the first Galician cities to have a modernized synagogue. The synagogue was destroyed by Nazi Germany in 1941, following Operation Barbarossa.[2]
| Tempel Synagogue | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Postcard of the former synagogue, c. 1917 | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Progressive Judaism (former) |
| Ecclesiastical or organisational status | Synagogue (1845–1941) |
| Status | Destroyed |
| Location | |
| Location | Old Market Square 14, Lviv |
| Country | Ukraine |
  Location of the former synagogue, in what is now Ukraine | |
| Geographic coordinates | 49°50′47″N 24°01′47″E / 49.84639°N 24.02972°E |
| Architecture | |
| Architect(s) | Iwan Lewicki |
| Type | Synagogue architecture |
| Style | Baroque Revival |
| Date established | 1840 |
| Completed | 1846 |
| Destroyed | July 1941 |
| Specifications | |
| Dome(s) | One |
| Materials | Stone and brick |
| [1] | |
History
editThe first synagogue in Lviv, in the Orthodox tradition,[3] was built in the 17th century.
A new synagogue, based on design by Iwan Lewicki, was constructed from 1844 to 1845. The synagogue was a Baroque Revival style building with a large dome, inspired by the Viennese Main Synagogue located at Seitenstattgasse 4.[2] The interior sanctuary was round, with seating facing forward and the Bimah placed at the front of the seating area, near the Torah Ark in a moderately reformed style, again like in Vienna. Also in the modernized style was the elevated pulpit with an architectural canopy from which the rabbi preached the sermon in the vernacular (i.e., not in Yiddish.) A double tier of women's balconies ran around the perimeter of the room, old photographs reveal an elaborately decorated classical space reminiscent of the great opera houses of the era.[4]
The first Rabbi, Abraham Kohn, was considered a staunch traditionalist in his native Bohemia. He refused to participate at the third Reform conference in Breslau, held in 1846, and argued that only a wall-to-wall rabbinical consensus would have sufficed to enact even moderate alterations in religious conduct. However, in the backward eastern province where Yiddish was still the Jewish vernacular and secular studies for rabbis were unheard of, Kohn immediately found himself at the position of an ultra-progressive. He was poisoned in 1848, under unknown circumstances. The strictly Orthodox Jews of Lemberg, who opposed even his modestly progressive attitude, were suspect but none was found guilty.[5]
The longest serving Chairman was Ozjasz Wasser who served for over twenty years until 1939.[6] Wasser was a Polish lawyer and prominent member and leader of the Jewish community in Lviv between World Wars I and II.[7]
Destruction and subsequent commemoration
editThe synagogue was destroyed by the Nazis in July 1941. The destruction was described by a former member of the congregation:
“The SS and the police planted thick loads of explosives at the great Progressive synagogue […] in the light from the fires, the Jews, tears in their eyes, watched […] the barbaric destruction of monuments of Jewish culture and history […]. With no regard for their own lives, people ran into the flaming temples to save the scrolls, the most sacred treasure. Shots fired by police guards put an end to the feat of the brave ones."
A memorial stone and plaque was subsequently placed at the location of the synagogue, in both Ukrainian and English, that reads: "This is the site of the synagogue of the progressive Jews called "The Temple" which served Lviv's intelligentsia. It was built during 1844–1845 and was destroyed by German soldiers on entering to Lviv in July 1941."[2][10] In 2018 it was reported that there were plans for a further memorial.[3]
Gallery
edit-
Lithograph of 1846 -
c. 1861-63 -
c. 1862 -
1863 -
View with Tempel Synagogue, 1903 -
The plaque commemorating the synagogue, 2011
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Ukraine synagogues part 2 – Jewish postcards".
- ^ a b c "Synagoga Tempel we Lwowie". Virtual Shtetl (in Polish).
- ^ a b "Ukraine to memorialize historic Lviv synagogue destroyed by Nazis". The Times of Israel. Jewish Telegraph Agency. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ "THE TEMPEL SYNAGOGUE". Lviv Interactive. n.d. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Manekin, Rachel (2010). "L'viv". The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews of Eastern Europe. Translated by Jeffrey Green. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ "Pl. Staryi Rynok – former Tempel synagogue". Lviv Interactive. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ "Polona". polona.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 25 November 2023.
- ^ Kessler, Edmund (2014). Przeżyć Holocaust we Lwowie (in Polish). Warsaw.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Progressive Synagogue (Tempel) in Lviv (14 Staryi Rinok Square)". Virtual Shtetl. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. n.d. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Helston, Józef. "Synagogi Lwowa". Architektura Lwowa.
External links
edit- Gelston, Józef (1997). "Synagogi Lwowa" [Synagogues in Lviv] (in Polish). Wydawnictwo "Centrum Europy".