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When a communications link must span a larger distance than existing fiber-optic technology is capable of, the signal must be regenerated at intermediate points in the link by repeaters. Repeater is used in a fiber-optic communications system to regenerate an optical signal by converting it to an electrical signal, processing that electrical signal and then retransmitting an optical signal. Such repeaters are used to extend the reach of optical communications links by overcoming loss due to attenuation of the optical fibre and distortion of the optical signal.

Optical regenerations are classified into 3 categories by the 3 R's scheme
R: reamplification of the data pulse alone is carried out.
2R: reamplification, pulse reshaping is carried out.
3R: reamplification and reshaping, retiming of data pulse is done.