This article uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them. (December 2022) |
Silas or Silvanus (/ˈsaɪləs/; Greek: Σίλας/Σιλουανός; fl. 1st century AD) was a leading member of the Early Christian community, who according to the New Testament accompanied Paul the Apostle on his second missionary journey.[1]
Silas | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Apostle, Disciple, Missionary, Bishop, and Martyr | |
| Died | 65–100 AD Macedonia |
| Venerated in | |
| Feast |
|
| Attributes | Christian Martyrdom |
Name and etymologies
editSilas is traditionally assumed to be the same as the Silvanus mentioned in four epistles. Some translations, including the New International Version, call him "Silas" in the epistles. Paul, Silas, and Timothy are listed as co-authors of the two New Testament letters to the Thessalonians, though the authorship is disputed. The Second Epistle to the Corinthians mentions Silas as having preached with Paul and Timothy to the church in Corinth (1:19), and the First Epistle of Peter describes Silas as a "faithful brother" (5:12).
There is some disagreement over the original or "proper" form of his name: "Silas", "Silvanus", "Seila", and "Saul" seem to be treated at the time as equivalent versions of the same name in different languages, and it is not clear which is the original name of "Silas", and which is a translation or equivalent nickname, or whether some references are to different persons with equivalent names. He is consistently called "Silas" in the Acts of the Apostles, but the Roman name Silvanus (which means "of the forest") is always used by Paul and in the First Epistle of Peter (5:12); it may be that "Silvanus" is the Romanized version of the original "Silas",[2] or that "Silas" is the Greek nickname for "Silvanus".[2] Silas is thus often identified with Silvanus of the Seventy. Catholic theologian Joseph Fitzmyer further points out that Silas is the Greek rendition of the Aramaic Seila (שְׁאִילָא), a version of the Hebrew Saul (שָׁאוּל), which is attested in Palmyrene inscriptions.[3]
Biblical narrative
editSilas is first mentioned in Acts 15:22, where he and Judas Barsabbas (known often as 'Judas') were selected by the church elders to return with Paul and Barnabas to Antioch following the Jerusalem Council. Silas and Judas are mentioned as being leaders among the brothers, prophets and encouraging speakers. Silas was selected by Paul to accompany him on his second mission after Paul and Barnabas split over an argument involving Mark's participation. It was during the second mission that he and Paul were imprisoned briefly in Philippi, where an earthquake broke their chains and opened the prison door. Silas is thus sometimes depicted in art carrying broken chains.[4] Acts 16:25-37.
According to Acts 17–18, Silas and Timothy travelled with Paul from Philippi to Thessalonica, where they were treated with hostility in the synagogues. The harassers followed the trio to Berea, threatening Paul's safety, and causing Paul to separate from Silas and Timothy. Paul travelled to Athens, and Silas and Timothy later joined him in Corinth.[5]
These events can be dated to around AD 50: the reference in Acts 18:12 to Proconsul Gallio helps ascertain this date (cf. Gallio inscription).[6] According to Acts 18:6–7, Paul ceased to attend the synagogue in Corinth as a result of hostility, Silas is not mentioned thereafter in the Acts narrative.
He appears in the salutation of 1 and 2 Thessalonians, and is referred to in 2 Corinthians 1:19. This is as expected, as we read of his involvement in Paul's mission when these cities were visited. He also appears in the conclusion of 1 Peter at 5:12, and is perhaps the amanuensis. Peter says he regards Silas as "a faithful brother".
Mysticism
editAnne Catherine Emmerich recounts in her visions that Silas' original name was Sela, and that he was one of the three "secret disciples," along with Hermas, who had later accompanied Jesus on his trip to the Three Kings' homeland near Ur, and thence to Heliopolis, and whose parents had come with the caravan of the Three Kings.[7]
Veneration
editSaint Silas is celebrated in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and that of the Episcopal Church (United States) with a Lesser Feast[8] on January 26 with Timothy and Titus, and separately on July 13 by the Roman Catholic Church and February 10 by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod. Saint Silas is also venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on July 30 along with the Apostles Silvanus, Crescens, Epenetus, and Andronicus and on January 4 where he is venerated with all the apostles.
See also
edit- Paul the Apostle
- Agabus
- Barnabas
- Manahen
- Teachings of Silvanus: an apocryphal text from the Nag Hammadi Library[9] that is attributed to Silvanus/Silas.
- Churches named after St Silas
References
edit- ^ "Notes on 1 Peter". Archived from the original on 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
- ^ a b Dunn, James D. G., ed. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to St. Paul. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-521-78155-8 – via Google Books.
- ^ Fitzmyer, Joseph J., ed. (1998). The Anchor Bible: The Acts of the Apostles. New York: Doubleday. p. 564. ISBN 0-385-49020-8 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ The Holy Disciples from the Seventy
- ^ Acts 18:5
- ^ Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1243–5. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
- ^ Emmerich, Anne Catherine (1914). "vol. 3". In Brentano, Clement; Schmöger, Carl E. (eds.). The Life of Jesus Christ and Biblical Revelations. Rockford, IL: Tan. p. 492. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Holy Women, Holy Men Celebrating the Saints" (PDF).
- ^ "Nag Hammadi Library". gnosis.org. Retrieved 2019-03-25.