Souw Beng Kong, 1st Kapitein der Chinezen (simplified Chinese: 苏鸣岗; traditional Chinese: 蘇鳴崗; pinyin: Sū Mínggǎng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: So͘ Bêng-kong; c. 1580–1644), called Bencon in older Dutch sources, was an ally of the Dutch East India Company and the first Kapitein der Chinezen of Batavia, capital of colonial Indonesia.[1] This was the most senior Chinese position in the colonial civil bureaucracy with legal and political jurisdiction over the local Chinese community in the colony.[2][3]
Kapitein Souw Beng Kong | |
|---|---|
| 蘇鳴崗 | |
 Tomb of Souw Beng Kong in Jakarta. | |
| 1st Kapitein der Chinezen of Batavia | |
| In office 1619–1636 | |
| Preceded by | New creation |
| Succeeded by | Kapitein Liem Lak Ko |
| Constituency | Batavia |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Tong An, Fujian, Ming Empire |
| Died | 1644 (aged 63–64) Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
| Occupation | Kapitein der Chinezen |
Life
edit
Souw Beng Kong was born in Tong An, Fujian around 1580,[4] during the Ming Dynasty.[1] By the beginning of the seventeenth century, he had established himself as a leading magnate and merchant in the port city of Banten on the north coast of Java.[1] He was appointed by Pangeran Ratu, Sultan of Banten (1596–1647) as the Kapitan Cina, or Chinese headman, of Banten.[1] In the conflict between the Sultan and the Dutch East India Company, however, Souw sided with the company.[1]
He developed a cordial relationship with Jan Pieterszoon Coen, the fourth Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1587-1629).[5][1] When Coen moved the Dutch headquarters from Banten to the newly conquered city of Jayakarta (later renamed Batavia), the Governor-General asked Souw to relocate to the new Dutch capital.[1] Souw played an important role in consolidating Dutch rule in Batavia by encouraging the settlement of Chinese migrants, starting with 170 Chinese families from Banten.[1] The Company appointed Souw as Kapitein der Chinezen of Batavia with political and legal authority over the local Chinese community.[1][6]
This system formed part of the Dutch colonial system of ‘Indirect Rule’.[3] Similar posts were created for leaders of other ethnic groups in Batavia, such as the Bugis, the Balinese, the Makassarese, the Indians and the Papangers.[3] Interethnic relations were close. Kapitein Souw Beng Kong is recorded to have had two Balinese wives who gave birth to two sons.[1]
Beyond his role as Kapitein, Souw Beng Kong was also given the authority to mint coins and print money and the license to tax gambling in Batavia.[1] He also developed trade links between Dutch Formosa (Taiwan) and Batavia towards the end of the Ming Dynasty.[1] Souw resigned his captaincy in 1636 after 17 years in office.[7]
Kapitein Souw Beng Kong died in 1644.[1] As proven by his tomb, which refers to the Ming dynasty, Souw was a lifelong Ming loyalist.[5]
Tomb
editThe tomb of Kapitein Souw Beng Kong is one of the oldest historic sites of the colonial period in Jakarta, Indonesia.[8] It is located in Mangga Dua Selatan, Central Jakarta, in what was then the outskirts of the old colonial capital.[8]
The then derelict tomb was first restored during the mayoralty of Souw's last colonial successor, Majoor Khouw Kim An (in office: 1910–1918, 1927–1945), who also added a commemorative plaque.[8][9] After decades of abandonment and neglect, the tomb was restored between 2006 and 2008 by a group led by MATAKIN (Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia) and Trisakti University.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Phoa, Kian Sioe (1956). Sedjarahnja Souw Beng Kong: (tangan-kanannja G.G. Jan Pieterszoon Coen), Phoa Beng Gan (achli pengairan dalam tahun 1648), Oey Tamba Sia (hartawan mati ditiang penggantungan) (in Indonesian). Djakarta: Reporter. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
- ^ Suryadinata, Leo (1993). Chinese Adaptation and Diversity: Essays on Society and Literature in Indonesia, Malaysia & Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 9789971691868. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
- ^ a b c Lohanda, Mona (1994). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837-1942. Jakarta: Djambatan. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
- ^ Hoetink, B. (1917). "Het eerste hoofd der Chineezen te Batavia". Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land en Volkenkunde. 73 (3/4).
- ^ a b Hoetink, B. (1918). Hikajat Kapitein Souw Beng Kong: kapala bangsa Tionghoa jang pertama di Batavia (1619-1636) (in Indonesian). Batavia: Lie Tek Long. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
- ^ Rush, James R. (2007). Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860-1910. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780498. Retrieved 7 April 2017.
- ^ Thamrin, Mahandis Yoanata (27 April 2012). "Sepetak Tanah Berkisah tentang Sang Kapitan". National Geographic Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2017.
- ^ a b c Heuken, Adolf (1983). Historical Sites of Jakarta. Jakarta: Cipta Loka Caraka.
- ^ Wresti, M. Clara (September 8, 2008). "Makam Souw Beng Kong, Situs Sejarah yang Dilupakan - Kompas.com". Kompas Cyber Media. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
- ^ Samantha, Gloria (22 August 2011). "Ziarah Kubur Kapiten Souw Beng Kong". National Geographic Indonesia (in Indonesian). National Geographic Indonesia. National Geographic Indonesia. Retrieved 27 September 2017.