The Shomali Plain, also called the Shomali Valley or Kohistan, is a plateau just north of Kabul, Afghanistan.[1] It is approximately 30 km wide and 80 km long. Shomali means 'windy' or 'northern' (i.e. north of Kabul). Most of the population is Tajik and some Pashtuns. Charikar, Qarabagh, Istalif, and Bagram are just some of the villages located within the Shomali Plan. It's a fertile area, where fruits and vegetables are cultivated and Kabul's residents picnic on weekends. The area is known for agriculture including grapes, walnuts, apricots, mulberries, pomegranates, and sour cherries. The village of Istalif is especially famous for its deep turquoise and green pottery.
Throughout history, because of its geographic location and proximity to Kabul, the Shomali Plain has experienced numerous periods of fighting and violence. Alexander the Great built forts in today's Bagram, then called Alexandria in the Caucasus. The region played an important role or was often battleground during the First Anglo-Afghan War, civil wars, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Today, the area is still affected by wars in Afghanistan since 1978.[2] The UN Mine Action Center once identified the Shomali Plain as one of the areas in the world most contaminated by land mines.
In the 1920s, the Shomali Plain became a focal point of tension following Habibullāh Kalakāni overthrowing Amanullah Khan, the King of Afghanistan. Most of the people of Shomali supported Habibullah, who hailed from the village of Kalakan. Civil war followed Habibullah's uprising and fighting ensued in Istalif in 1929. Eventually, Mohammad Nadir Shah, a General under Amanullah Khan, became king. In retribution and because he was beholden to the Pashtun tribes who supported him, Mohammad Nadir Shah gave them permission to raid and loot the Shomali Plain.[3]
Taliban rule (1996-2001)
editDuring the rule of the Taliban (1996-2001), fighting in the Shomali Plain was relatively sparse, but the plateau was maintained as fighting frontier by Ahmad Shah Massoud and his Northern Alliance who challenged the Taliban's control over much of Afghanistan.[2]
When the Taliban retreated from the Plain in 1997, they poisoned wells, cut down trees, and destroyed the irrigation system of what was a largely Tajik area that supported Ahmad Shah Massoud.[4] In 1999, the Taliban considered the region, especially towns such as Istalif with 45,000 residents, a liability and they razed such towns, destroyed farms, and forced hundreds of thousands of people from the region.[1] The Taliban's goal was not only to demolish the region's farming and livelihood, but also to depopulate it.
2001
editIn 2001, a brief battle took place on Shomali Plain between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance. The Taliban forces, fearing encirclement, demoralized by the fall of the northern cities, and under constant American air attack, retreated to the Kabul, 45 kilometres to the north, and a day later they abandoned the city.[5][6]
Rebuilding since 2002
editIn the 2001 Afghan War, the Northern Alliance was directed to take the Shomali Plain after it secured the supply routes from the north, and wait for an international peacekeeping force to move into Kabul. They did not wait, however, because the Taliban retreated from Kabul without a fight, leaving a security vacuum, and consequently the Northern Alliance occupied Kabul without major problems.
In the summer of 2002, the Taliban being driven from Afghanistan, villagers started to return to the Shomali Plain, starting to rebuild the agriculture and their houses.[1] Late 2002, the Shomali Plain still looked mostly like a desert or destructed battleground, with hardly a bush or tree, but strewn with tank-wrecks, demolished cars, torn shipping containers, and mine fields along the main road, and was considered by the UN Mine Action Center as one of the world's most active land mine areas.[2]
By 2004, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees had put in 300 water points and resettled 14,000 families.[7]
By 2009, the Shomali Plain had become one of the relatively few prospering areas of Afghanistan.[8] The A76 highway, running through the Shomali Plain, is militarily necessary, had been rebuilt by 2009 and was being secured, which urgency and security did not exist elsewhere in the country.[8] That A76 runs from Kabul to Bagram and Charikar in Parwan Province, and then into the Hindu Kush mountains to the Salang Tunnel. The tunnel provides the only year-round, all-weather access to the north of Afghanistan.
References
editThis article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Shomali Plain", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.
- ^ a b c "Re-Creating Afghanistan: Returning to Istalif". NPR. 2002-08-01. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013.
- ^ a b c Lukas Einsele (November 2002), "Shomali Plain", One Step Beyond: An Art Project Reporting on landmines and their victims, retrieved 15 November 2017
- ^ Coburn, Noah (2011). Bazaar politics: power and pottery in an Afghan market town. Stanford studies in Middle Eastern and Islamic societies and cultures. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7671-4. OCLC 701330654.
- ^ Ahmed Rashid (2000), Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300089023, p. 62
- ^ Davis, Anthony (26 November 2001). "Dispatches: Eyewitness to a Sudden and Bloody Liberation". Time. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ "The Fall of Kabul". PBS NewsHour. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- ^ Returnees help Afghanistan's Shomali Plain to flourish again, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), July 28, 2004
- ^ a b Patrick Cockburn (May 3, 2009), "Letter from Kabul: Eight years after the war to overthrow the Islamist regime, one part of Afghanistan is beginning to flourish again – but it's very much the exception", The Independent