SS Wilhelmina (1888)

SS Wilhelmina (1888) was a cargo steamship. Owned by an US company during WWI, while sailing from New York City to Hamburg in early 1915 it was seized by the British for carrying contraband foodstuffs, triggering a diplomatic incident over how the British naval blockade of Germany impacted neutral trading rights.

History
United Kingdom
Name	SS New Borough
Owner	C. Furness & Co.
Builder	William Gray & Company, West Hartlepool
Completed	11 September 1888
In service	19 September 1888
Out of service	17 April 1895
Fate	Ran aground, sold and repaired
History
United States
Name	SS Pensacola
Owner	Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Acquired	1896
Out of service	17 Febuary 1906
Fate	Sold
History
United States
Name	SS Wilhelmina
Owner	A.H. Bull & Co.
In service	17 February 1906
Out of service	1915
Fate	Sold
History
United States
Name	SS Wilhelmina
Owner	Southern Products Trading Co.
In service	1915
Out of service	1916
Fate	Sunk due to accidental collision, 5 July 1916
General characteristics
Class and type	Schooner
Tonnage	1,696-1795 GRT, 1,169 NRT
Length	260.4 ft (79.4 m)
Beam	36.7 ft (11.2 m)
Depth of hold	18.2 ft (5.5 m)
Installed power	150 hp
Propulsion	3 cylinder triple expansion engine, single shaft, 1 screw
Speed	~7 knots (13 km/h; 8 mph)
Crew	~20

The ship was built as SS New Borough at William Gray & Company, in West Hartlepool, England in 1888, commissioned by the trading company owned by Sir Christopher Furness. In April 1895, the ship ran aground off Washwood Beach in North Carolina, and though there was no loss of life the ship was written off as a total loss. However, the ship was sold to and then repaired by the Gulf Transit Company, a subsidiary of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad company. Renaming the ship the SS Pensacola, they operated the ship under the American flag until they sold it on 17 Feburary 1906 to the A. H. Bull Steamship Company who renamed the ship the SS Wilhelmina, operating it as part of the Bull Line.

World War I

In early 1915, after the outbreak of World War I, the ship was sold to "Southern Products Trading Company", operating out of New York. This company was run by a German-American named John Simons, who it would later emerge had contacts and funding from the German government. Simons made an arrangement with Marshall Hall of the W. L. Green Commission Company, a major exporter of grain, where Hall would charter the vessel to deliver 2,000 tons of various foodstuffs (valued at $200,000) to Hamburg, Germany. This was to be the first food shipment directly from America to Germany since hostilities begun.

The goal of the exercise was to be a test case for the British naval blockade of Germany. W. T. Brooking, export manager of the company, was to go to Germany on a separate ship to take charge of the consignment, and thereby guarantee that the food would only be sold to the civilian population of Germany. As the blockade at the time had food as a "conditional contraband", and therefore only seizable if destined to military use, Hall was able to obtain assurances from both US Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan and British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey that the shipment was acceptable and would not be interfered with. Wilhelmina thus set sail from New York Harbor on 22 January and British cruisers allowed her to pass.

While the ship was en route, however, on 26 January 1915, the German Federal Council announced a decision made the previous day that the German government would seize all grain in Germany, a decree interpreted by the British as putting the food supply all under the control of the German Army. Over the next few days, the German ambassador to the US von Bernstorff attempted to give guarantees that the decree did not apply to imported grain such as that carried by Wilhemina, and that therefore the ship's cargo would not be used by the military. This did not sway the British nor persuade much of the American public. Meanwhile, the Commission for Relief in Belgium offered to purchase the foodstuffs for the Belgian relief effort, but Hall refused, arguing a humanitarian concern for the German people but also desiring the great profit opportunity of a potential monopoly on food exports to Germany.

The British authorities were initially inconsistent on the intended harshness of the blockade. However, the February 4 German announcement of a "war zone" in which British ships would be sunk without restriction hardened opinion. By this point in her journey, Wilhemina had received storm damage, and so sailed of her own volition into Falmouth, Cornwall on Feburary 9 in need of repairs. The British put an armed guard on the ship, and declared that the vessel would go through prize court proceedings. In the event, formal proceedings never took place, though a storm of diplomacy ensued where the Germans used the vessel to justify their submarine campaign, the British sought to justify their blockade, and the Americans declared their opposition to the British breach of historical precedent and their acceptance of the German position that the late January decree did not impact the ship's cargo. American attempts to reach a compromise failed as the Germans wanted full use of submarines (and did not consider the blockade to be serious at the time), and the British wanted full use of their blockade (and did not consider the threat of submarines to be serious at the time), resulting in a March 11 Order in Council to "seize all ships carrying goods of presumed enemy destination, ownership, or origin".

This rendered the question of Wilhelmina moot. The British suggested a settlement presided over by Lord Mersey, which was accepted by the American side. Eventually in mid-1916 Lord Mersey awarded Hall's company the full (Hamburg) value of the cargo plus damages, but denied the principle of free trading rights.

On 5 July 1916 the Wilhelmina was struck by a Brazilian navy transport, the SS Sargento Albuquerque in the bay of Rio de Janerio. The ship sank with no loss of life.