Spermatogenesis associated serine rich 1 (SPATS1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SPATS1 gene. It is also known by the aliases Dishevelled-DEP domain interacting protein (DDIP), Spermatogenesis Associated 8 (SPATA8), and serin-rich spermatogenic protein 1 (SRSP1).[5] A general idea of its chemical structure, subcellular localization, expression, and conservation is known. Research suggests SPATS1 may play a role in the canonical Wnt Signaling pathway and in the first spermatogenic wave.
| SPATS1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Identifiers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aliases | SPATS1, DDIP, SPATA8, SRSP1, spermatogenesis associated serine rich 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 1918270; HomoloGene: 12376; GeneCards: SPATS1; OMA:SPATS1 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Gene
editThe human SPATS1 gene contains 1150 nucleotides, coding for 300 amino acids. It's located on the positive strand of chromosome 6 in the 21p1 region.[5] As of now there are no known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that prove to be clinically significant.[6]
Protein
editStructure
editThe protein in its longest form has 8 exons. There is another possible isoform, but experimental confirmation is lacking – possibly due to it being produced at low levels because of an immature stop codon.[7] Bioinformatic analysis suggests that the protein does not have transmembrane structure and is composed of both alpha helixes and beta sheets. There have been conflicting numbers for SPATS1 isoelectric points. Several sources have said 6.68, while two others suggested that it is higher, 7.04 and 7.47.[8][9][10]
Subcellular location
editStudies have suggested that most of the expression is found in the cytoplasm of the cell, but there is also evidence of expression in the nucleus.[11] Expression in the nucleus may be supported by the fact that the rat homolog of the SPATS1 gene was experimentally found to have a probable bipartite nuclear localization signal.[12] In addition, bioinformatic tools have identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal with high probability in the human protein at amino acids 174 - 191.[13]
Post-translational modifications
editBioinformatic analysis suggests that it undergoes several post-translational modifications. The more plausible ones propose a GPI – modification site at amino acid 280, N-glycosylation sites at amino acids 49 and 229, and a phosphorylation site at amino acid 113. There are 85 predicted sites of phosphorylation, 23 having an 80% or higher likelihood.[14] Only the one located at amino acid 113 has been experimentally confirmed.[5] There is also a high probability of a SASRP1 motif that spans amino acids 51 - 288.[15]
Protein interactions
editPossible interacting proteins are listed in the table below. Note that these proteins have not been experimentally confirmed to interact with SPATS1. Instead, their interaction potential was determined by looking
at concurrence patterns and textmining.[16]
| Abbreviation | Protein Name | Function | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZNF683 | zinc finger protein 683 | may be involved in transcriptional regulation | 0.633 |
| TMC5 | transmembrane channel like 5 | probable ion channel | 0.624 |
| GTSF1L | gametocyte specific factor 1 like | unknown | 0.567 |
| TMEM225 | transmembrane protein 225 | most likely inhibits phosphate 1 (PP1) in sperm
via binding to catalytic sub-unit PPP1CC |
0.566 |
| SPATA3 | spermatogenesis associated 3 | unknown | 0.537 |
| FAM71F1 | family with sequence similarity
71 member F1 |
unknown | 0.535 |
| C9orf139 | chromosome 9 open reading
frame 139 |
unknown | 0.477 |
| SPACA4 | sperm acrosome associated 4 | sperm surface membrane protein that may be
involved in sperm - egg plasma membrane adhesion and fusion during fertilization |
0.472 |
| SCML4 | sex comb on midleg-like protein 4 | PcG proteins that act by forming multi-protein
complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development |
0.457 |
Expression
editRegulation
editThe expression of this protein has been found to greatly decline in adulthood, compared to expression levels measured in fetuses.[11] Studies have shown some fluctuation during the gestation period, but overall remaining relatively high. There has also been evidence of high expression levels up until day 28 postpartum.[17]
Location
editExpression of this protein has been found in peritubular myoid cells, gonocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, spermatogonia, myoid cells, and Sertoli cells.[11]
Mouse brains have shown expression in various areas of the brain including the pituitary gland, the prefrontal cortex, the frontal lobe, the cerebellum, and the parietal lobe.[18] Highest expression levels have been found in the testes, the next highest levels being found in the trachea. A protein abundance histogram, which compares the abundance of a desired protein to other proteins, shows that SPATS1 is on the lower level of expression.[5]
Function
editThe specific function of SPATS1 is still being studied. Research has indicated that it may play a role in initiation of the first spermatogenic wave as well as the first male meiotic division.[11] Another study suggests that it acts as a negative regulator in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.[12] Several microaary studies have studied the effects of knocking out different proteins and enzymes and the resulting effects on SPATS1 expression. Epigentic factors, specifically histone methylation, have also been looked at. The effects of knockout on phenotypes have also been done in several studies.[5]
Conservation
editSPATS1 protein is conserved in species as early as Oxytricha trifallax. No orthologues have been found for this protein in archaea or bacteria. Nor have orthologs been found in birds.[19] There is a high level of conservation among mammals and other close orthologs in the coding region. There is conservation among distant orthologs in non-coding regions, including the promoter, 5' UTR, and 3' UTR. These conservations are kept through either the same nucleotide, or a chemically similar nucleotide.[20] Below is a table of orthologs along with the percent similarity and their date of divergence.[19][21]
| Ortholog | Sequence Similarity to Homo sapiens | Sequence Identity to Homo sapiens | Date of Divergence (MYA) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pongo abelii | 95.70% | 95.00% | 15.2 |
| Heterocephalus glaber | 58.30% | 52.00% | 88 |
| Pteropus alecto | 71.30% | 66.90% | 94 |
| Bos taurus | 50.70% | 47.70% | 94 |
| Bos mutus | 64.10% | 58.80% | 94 |
| Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni | 80.30% | 74.00% | 94 |
| Loxodonta africana | 67.20% | 61.00% | 102 |
| Sarcophilus harrisii | 48.20% | 37.50% | 160 |
| Ornithorhynchus anatinus | 49.20% | 39.90% | 169 |
| Gavialis gangeticus | 45.40% | 36.70% | 320 |
| Anolis carolinensis | 48.30% | 34.10% | 320 |
| Pelodiscus sinensis | 45.90% | 33.40% | 320 |
| Nanorana parkeri | 43.10% | 30.30% | 353 |
| Strongylocentrotus purpuratus | 33.60% | 25.60% | 627 |
| Nematostella vectensis | 28.30% | 25.20% | 685 |
| Branchiostoma belcheri | 36.50% | 29.20% | 699 |
| Crassostrea gigas | 35.00% | 27.00% | 758 |
| Lottia gigantea | 32.70% | 26.20% | 758 |
| Oxytricha trifallax | 31.80% | 20.40% | 1781 |
References
edit- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000249481 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000023935 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c d e "Homo sapiens spermatogenesis associated serine rich 1 (SPATS1), mRNA - Nucleotide - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
- ^ "dbSNP Short Genetic Variations". NCBI. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
- ^ "UniProtKB - Q496A3 (SPAS1_HUMAN)". UniProt. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
- ^ "Protein isoelectric point calculator". Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
- ^ "Compute pI/Mw tool". April 28, 2017.
- ^ "Calculate Molecular Weight and Isoelectric Point". April 28, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Capoano CA, Wettstein R, Kun A, Geisinger A (2010). "Spats 1 (Srsp1) is differentially expressed during testis development of the rat". Gene Expression Patterns. 10 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.gep.2009.11.006. PMID 19948251.
- ^ a b Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ng SS, Ren F, Wang Y, Duan Y, Chen L, Zhai Y, Guo Q, Chang Z (November 2010). "Dishevelled-DEP domain interacting protein (DDIP) inhibits Wnt signaling by promoting TCF4 degradation and disrupting the TCF4/beta-catenin complex". Cellular Signalling. 22 (11): 1753–60. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.016. PMID 20603214.
- ^ "Motif Scan".
- ^ "Expasy: Proteomics Tools".
- ^ "ExPASY: Bioinformatics Resource Tool".
- ^ "STRING Protein - Protein Interaction Tool".
- ^ "GEO Profiles".
- ^ "Allen Brain".
- ^ a b "NCBI Protein Blast".
- ^ "Biology Workbench".
- ^ "TimeTree".