Wikipedia

SATB2

Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) also known as DNA-binding protein SATB2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SATB2 gene.[5] SATB2 is a DNA-binding protein that specifically binds nuclear matrix attachment regions and is involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodeling.[6] SATB2 shows a restricted mode of expression [1] and is expressed in certain cell nuclei [2]. The SATB2 protein is mainly expressed in the epithelial cells of the colon and rectum, followed by the nuclei of neurons in the brain.[7]

SATB2
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesSATB2, GLSS, SATB homeobox 2
External IDsOMIM: 608148; MGI: 2679336; HomoloGene: 32249; GeneCards: SATB2; OMA:SATB2 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

23314

212712

Ensembl

ENSG00000119042

ENSMUSG00000038331

UniProt

Q9UPW6

Q8VI24

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001172509
NM_001172517
NM_015265

NM_139146
NM_001358580
NM_001358581

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001165980
NP_001165988
NP_056080

NP_631885
NP_001345509
NP_001345510

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 199.27 – 199.47 MbChr 1: 56.83 – 57.02 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

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With an average worldwide prevalence of 1/800 live births, oral clefts are one of the most common birth defects.[8] Although over 300 malformation syndromes can include an oral cleft, non-syndromic forms represent about 70% of cases with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and roughly 50% of cases with cleft palate (CP) only. Non-syndromic oral clefts are considered ‘complex’ or ‘multifactorial’ in that both genes and environmental factors contribute to the etiology. Current research suggests that several genes are likely to control risk, as well as environmental factors such as maternal smoking.[9]

Re-sequencing studies to identify specific mutations suggest several different genes may control risk to oral clefts, and many distinct variants or mutations in apparently causal genes have been found reflecting a high degree of allelic heterogeneity. Although most of these mutations are extremely rare and often show incomplete penetrance (i.e., an unaffected parent or other relatives may also carry the mutation), combined they may account for up to 5% of non-syndromic oral cleft.[9]

Mutations in the SATB2 gene have been found to cause isolated cleft palates.[10] SATB2 also likely influences brain development. This is consistent with mouse studies that show SATB2 is necessary for the proper establishment of cortical neuron connections across the corpus callosum, despite the apparently normal corpus callosum in heterozygous knockout mice.[11]

Structure

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SATB2 is a 733 amino-acid homeodomain-containing human protein with a molecular weight of 82.5 kDa encoded by the SATB2 gene on 2q33. The protein contains two degenerate homeodomain regions known as CUT domains (amino acid 352–437 and 482–560) and a classical homeodomain (amino acid 614–677). There is an extraordinarily high degree of sequence conservation, with only three predicted amino-acid substitutions in the 733 residue protein with I481V, A590T and I730T being amino acid differences between the human and the mouse protein.

Clinical significance

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SATB2 has been implicated as causative in the cleft or high palate of individuals with 2q32q33 microdeletion syndrome.[11]

SATB2 was found to be disrupted in two unrelated cases with de novo apparently balanced chromosome translocations associated with cleft palate and Pierre Robin sequence.[12]

The role of SATB2 in tooth and jaw development is supported by the identification of a de novo SATB2 mutation in a male with profound intellectual disabilities and jaw and tooth abnormalities and a translocation interrupting SATB2 in an individual with Robin sequence. In addition, mouse models have demonstrated haploinsufficiency of SATB2 results in craniofacial defects that phenocopy those caused by 2q32q33 deletion in humans; moreover, full functional loss of SATB2 amplifies these defects.[11]

SATB2 expression is highly specific for cancer in the lower GI-tract and has been implicated as a cancer biomarker for colorectal cancer.[13][14]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000119042 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000038331 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Kikuno R, Nagase T, Ishikawa K, Hirosawa M, Miyajima N, Tanaka A, et al. (June 1999). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XIV. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 6 (3): 197–205. doi:10.1093/dnares/6.3.197. PMID 10470851.
  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: SATB homeobox 2".
  7. ^ Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome". Science. 347 (6220): 1260419. doi:10.1126/science.1260419. PMID 25613900. S2CID 802377.
  8. ^ Jugessur A, Shi M, Gjessing HK, Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, et al. (July 2010). "Maternal genes and facial clefts in offspring: a comprehensive search for genetic associations in two population-based cleft studies from Scandinavia". PLOS ONE. 5 (7): e11493. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...511493J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011493. PMC 2901336. PMID 20634891.  
  9. ^ a b Beaty TH, Hetmanski JB, Fallin MD, Park JW, Sull JW, McIntosh I, et al. (November 2006). "Analysis of candidate genes on chromosome 2 in oral cleft case-parent trios from three populations". Human Genetics. 120 (4): 501–518. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0235-9. PMID 16953426. S2CID 7836461.
  10. ^ Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March 2011). "Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 12 (3): 167–178. doi:10.1038/nrg2933. PMC 3086810. PMID 21331089.
  11. ^ a b c Rosenfeld JA, Ballif BC, Lucas A, Spence EJ, Powell C, Aylsworth AS, et al. (August 2009). "Small deletions of SATB2 cause some of the clinical features of the 2q33.1 microdeletion syndrome". PLOS ONE. 4 (8): e6568. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.6568R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006568. PMC 2719055. PMID 19668335.  
  12. ^ FitzPatrick DR, Carr IM, McLaren L, Leek JP, Wightman P, Williamson K, et al. (October 2003). "Identification of SATB2 as the cleft palate gene on 2q32-q33". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 (19): 2491–2501. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg248. PMID 12915443.
  13. ^ Magnusson K, de Wit M, Brennan DJ, Johnson LB, McGee SF, Lundberg E, et al. (July 2011). "SATB2 in combination with cytokeratin 20 identifies over 95% of all colorectal carcinomas". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 35 (7): 937–948. doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31821c3dae. PMID 21677534. S2CID 33883685.
  14. ^ Dragomir A, de Wit M, Johansson C, Uhlen M, Pontén F (May 2014). "The role of SATB2 as a diagnostic marker for tumors of colorectal origin: Results of a pathology-based clinical prospective study". American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 141 (5): 630–638. doi:10.1309/ajcpww2urz9jkqju. PMID 24713733. S2CID 4564790.

Further reading

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Registry of SATB2 cases http://satb2gene.com

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

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