Rangi and Papa

In Māori mythology the primal couple Rangi and Papa (or Ranginui and Papatūānuku) appear in a creation myth explaining the origin of the world and the Māori people^[1] (though there are many different versions). In some South Island dialects, Rangi is called Raki or Rakinui.^[2]

Papa and Rangi held each other in a tight embrace

Union and separation

Ranginui first married Poharua Te Po where they bore 3 offspring including Aorangi (or Aoraki as given in South Island).^[3] He later married Papatūānuku together becoming the primordial sky father and earth mother bearing over 70 children including Tāwhirimātea, Tāne and Tangaroa, all of whom are male. Both Ranginui and Papatūānuku lie locked together in a tight embrace, and their sons forced to live in the cramped darkness between them.^[3]^[4]^[5]

These children grow and discuss among themselves what it would be like to live in the light. Tūmatauenga, the fiercest of the children, proposes that the best solution to their predicament is to kill their parents.^[6]^: 2 But his brother Tāne disagrees, suggesting that it is better to push them apart, to let Ranginui be as a stranger to them in the sky above while Papatūānuku will remain below to nurture them. The others put their plans into action—Rongo, the god of cultivated food, tries to push his parents apart, then Tangaroa, the god of the sea, and his sibling Haumia-tiketike, the god of wild food, join him. In spite of their joint efforts Rangi and Papa remain close together in their loving embrace.

After many attempts Tāne, god of forests and birds, forces his parents apart. Instead of standing upright and pushing with his hands as his brothers have done, he lies on his back and pushes with his strong legs. Stretching every sinew Tāne pushes and pushes until, with cries of grief and surprise, Ranginui and Papatūānuku were pried apart.^[6]^: 2–3^[7]^: 448 Traditions of the Taranaki region, however, assign this separating role to Tangaroa, god of the sea.^[8]^: 1–2

War in heaven and earth

Tāne adorned Ranginui with stars

And so the children of Ranginui and Papatūanuku see light and have space to move for the first time. While the other children have agreed to the separation, Tāwhirimātea, the god of storms and winds, is angered that the parents have been torn apart. He cannot bear to hear the cries of his parents nor see the tears of Ranginui as they are parted, he promises his siblings that from henceforth they will have to deal with his anger. He flies off to join Rangi and there carefully fosters his own many offspring who include the winds, one of whom is sent to each quarter of the compass. To fight his brothers, Tāwhirimātea gathers an army of his children —winds and clouds of different kinds, including fierce squalls, whirlwinds, gloomy thick clouds, fiery clouds, hurricane clouds and thunderstorm clouds, and rain, mists and fog. As these winds show their might the dust flies and the great forest trees of Tāne are smashed under the attack and fall to the ground, food for decay and for insects.^[6]^: 3–6^[9]^: 54^[7]^{: 448–449}

Then Tāwhirimātea attacks the oceans and huge waves rise, whirlpools form, and Tangaroa, the god of the sea, flees in panic. Punga, a son of Tangaroa, has two children, Ikatere father of fish, and Tū-te-wehiwehi (or Tu-te-wanawana) the ancestor of reptiles. Terrified by Tāwhirimātea's onslaught the fish seek shelter in the sea and the reptiles in the forests. Ever since Tangaroa has been angry with Tāne for giving refuge to his runaway children. So it is that Tāne supplies the descendants of Tūmatauenga with canoes, fishhooks and nets to catch the descendants of Tangaroa. Tangaroa retaliates by swamping canoes and sweeping away houses, land and trees that are washed out to sea in floods.^[10]^: 5–6

Tāwhirimātea next attacks his brothers Rongo and Haumia-tiketike, the gods of cultivated and uncultivated foods. Rongo and Haumia are in great fear of Tāwhirimātea but, as he attacks them, Papatūānuku determines to keep these for her other children and hides them so well that Tāwhirimātea cannot find them. So Tāwhirimātea turns on his brother Tūmatauenga. He uses all his strength but Tūmatauenga stands fast and Tāwhirimatea cannot prevail against him. Tū (or human kind) stands fast and, at last, the anger of the gods subsided and peace prevailed.

Tū thought about the actions of Tāne in separating their parents and made snares to catch the birds, the children of Tāne who could no longer fly free. He then made nets from forest plants and casts them in the sea so that the children of Tangaroa soon lie in heaps on the shore. He made hoes to dig the ground, capturing his brothers Rongo and Haumia-tiketike where they have hidden from Tāwhirimātea in the bosom of the earth mother and, recognising them by their long hair that remains above the surface of the earth, he drags them forth and heaps them into baskets to be eaten. So Tūmatauenga eats all of his brothers to repay them for their cowardice; the only brother that Tūmatauenga does not subdue is Tāwhirimātea, whose storms and hurricanes attack humankind to this day.^[10]^: 7–10^[7]^: 449

There was one more child of Ranginui and Papatūānuku who was never born and still lives inside Papatūanuku. Whenever this child is kicking the earth shakes and it causes an earthquake. Rūaumoko is his name and he is the god of earthquakes and volcanoes.

Yearning

Tāne searched for heavenly bodies as lights so that his father would be appropriately dressed. He obtained the stars and threw them up, along with the moon and the sun. At last Ranginui looked handsome.^[11]^: 145 Ranginui and Papatūanuku continue to grieve for each other to this day. Ranginui's tears fall towards Papatūanuku to show how much he loves her. Sometimes Papatūanuku heaves and strains and almost breaks herself apart to reach her beloved partner again but it is to no avail. When mist rises from the forests, these are Papatūānuku's sighs as the warmth of her body yearns for Ranginui and continues to nurture mankind.^[6]^: 11

Names and epithets

Ranginui

Rangi ("Sky")
Raki ("Sky") in the South Island (see Māori language#South Island dialects)
Ranginui ("Great Sky")
Rangi-pōtiki ("Rangi the Lastborn"): possibly another name of Rangi, or a closely allied deity

Papatuanuku

Papa ("world")
Papatūānuku ("world separated"), (Earth), (Mother Earth)

Notes

^ Leeming, David (2013). The World of Myth: An Anthology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199316366.
^ This article is based largely on the writings of a Te Arawa chief, Wiremu Maihi Te Rangikāheke, who is the author of much of the material in George Grey’s Nga Mahi a nga Tupuna (Grey 1971), originally published in 1853 and later translated into English as Polynesian Mythology (Grey 1956). It should be understood that the version presented here represents just one Māori creation myth among many variants.
^ ^a ^b Mitchell, Hilary and John (2004). History of Māori of Nelson and Marlborough. Wellington: Huia Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 1-86969-087-7.
^ The specific number of children varies in different versions but numbers of 70 or more are commonly mentioned. Whether such a high number actually occurs in one early text is another matter for investigation.
^ Their children include, depending on the version: Rongo-mā-tāne, Haumia-tiketike, Tūmatauenga and Rehua. The youngest is Ruaumoko, who has never been born and remains inside his mother's womb. His movements cause earthquakes.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Grey, 1956
^ ^a ^b ^c Biggs, 1966
^ Smith, 1993
^ Tregear, 1891
^ ^a ^b Grey, 1971
^ Orbell, 1998

References

B.G. Biggs, 'Maori Myths and Traditions' in A. H. McLintock (editor), Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, 3 Volumes. (Government Printer: Wellington), 1966, II:447-454.
G. Grey, Nga Mahi a Nga Tupuna, fourth edition. First published 1854. (Reed: Wellington), 1971.
G. Grey, Polynesian Mythology, Illustrated edition, reprinted 1976. (Whitcombe and Tombs: Christchurch), 1956.
M. Orbell, The Concise Encyclopedia of Māori Myth and Legend (Canterbury University Press: Christchurch), 1998.
A. Smith, Songs and Stories of Taranaki from the Writings of Te Kahui Kararehe (MacMillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies: Christchurch), 1993.
E.R.Tregear, Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay), 1891.

External links

Polynesian Mythology, George Grey, first edition (1854)
Samuel K. Parker, Dialectics of Power in the Maori Creation Myth in Pacific Studies, Vol 10 n°3, July 1987
Tikao, T. T. (1939). Tikao talks: Traditions and tales told by Teone Taare Tikao to Herries Beattie (pp. 23–50). Wellington, New Zealand: A.H. and A.W. Reed
Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary, E. R. Tregear, (Lyon and Blair: Lambton Quay), 1891
Ranginui – the sky in Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand^{[dead link]}
Papatūānuku – the land in Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand

[1] Leeming, David (2013). The World of Myth: An Anthology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199316366.

[2] This article is based largely on the writings of a Te Arawa chief, Wiremu Maihi Te Rangikāheke, who is the author of much of the material in George Grey’s Nga Mahi a nga Tupuna (Grey 1971), originally published in 1853 and later translated into English as Polynesian Mythology (Grey 1956). It should be understood that the version presented here represents just one Māori creation myth among many variants.

[Mitchell-3] Mitchell, Hilary and John (2004). History of Māori of Nelson and Marlborough. Wellington: Huia Publishers. p. 18. ISBN 1-86969-087-7.

[4] The specific number of children varies in different versions but numbers of 70 or more are commonly mentioned. Whether such a high number actually occurs in one early text is another matter for investigation.

[5] Their children include, depending on the version: Rongo-mā-tāne, Haumia-tiketike, Tūmatauenga and Rehua. The youngest is Ruaumoko, who has never been born and remains inside his mother's womb. His movements cause earthquakes.

[Grey56-6] Grey, 1956

[Biggs66-7] Biggs, 1966

[Smith93-8] Smith, 1993

[Tregear-9] Tregear, 1891

[:0-10] Grey, 1971

[11] Orbell, 1998

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