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Mohamed Sa'id Pasha (Arabic: محمد سعيد باشا, Turkish: Mehmed Said Paşa, March 17, 1822 – January 17, 1863) was the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan from 1854 until 1863, officially owing fealty to the Ottoman Sultan but in practice exercising virtual independence. Construction of the Suez Canal began under his tenure.[1]
| Sa'id of Egypt | |
|---|---|
| Khedive | |
 | |
| Pasha of Egypt and Sudan | |
| Reign | 13 July 1854 – 17 January 1863 |
| Predecessor | Abbas Hilmi I |
| Successor | Isma'il |
| Born | 17 March 1822 Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire |
| Died | 17 January 1863 (aged 40) Cairo, Egypt Eyalet, Ottoman Empire |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Inji Hanim Melekber Hanim |
| Issue | Prince Muhammad Toussoun Pasha Prince Mahmoud Toussoun Pasha |
| House | Alawiyya |
| Father | Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt |
| Mother | Ayn al-Hayat Qadin |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Biography
editHe was the fourth son of Muhammad Ali Pasha. Ali Pasha wanted his son to have an athletic body, and to get rid of his obesity, so he ordered his young son to exercise daily for two hours and follow a very simple diet. To safeguard the child's morals, he could visit no other house than that of Mathieu de Lesseps, the french consul. The young prince became friend of Mathieu's son, Ferdinand, and "both of them revelled in devouring immense quantities of spaghetti. This intimacy and his longing for pasta caused Muhammad Said to hurry to the French consulate whenever the frugal diet of the viceregal table left a void in his stomach".[2]
Then, the young Egyptian was sent there to complete his education in Paris, where he again frequented the Lesseps' household.
Under Sa'id's rule there were several law, land and tax reforms. Some modernization of Egyptian and Sudanese infrastructure also occurred using western loans. In 1854 the first act of concession of land for the Suez Canal was granted, to a French businessman, his old friend Ferdinand de Lesseps. The British opposed a Frenchman building the canal and persuaded the Ottoman Empire to deny its permission for two years. Sa'id signed the concession to build a canal on January 5, 1856.[1]
A 1886 study described Sa'id as "sociable, witty, extravagant, sensual, and fond of all the delights of life, he seemed rather the gay French courtier than the imperturbable Moslem ruler. He set up a court not unlike that of Louis XIV. He welcomed foreigners and entertained most lavishly. He forgot the sobriety enjoined by the Prophet, so that his dinners and his wines became famed for their richness and excellence."[1]
Sudan had been conquered by his father in 1821 and incorporated into his Egyptian realm, mainly in order to seize slaves for his army. Slave raids (the annual 'razzia') also ventured beyond Sudan into Kordofan and Ethiopia. Facing European pressure to abolish official Egyptian slave raids in the Sudan, Sa'id issued a decree banning raids. Freelance slave traders ignored his decree.
When the American Civil War brought a cotton famine, the export of Egyptian cotton surged during Sa'id's rule to become the main source for European mills. At the behest of Napoleon III in 1863, Sa'id dispatched part of a Sudanese battalion as part of the Imperialist coalition in support of the Second Mexican Empire during the Second French intervention in Mexico.[3]
Under Sa'id's rule, the influence of sheikhs was curbed, and many Bedouin reverted to nomadic raiding.
In 1854, he established the Bank of Egypt. In the same year Egypt's first standard gauge railway was opened, between Kafr el-Zayyat on the Rosetta branch of the Nile and Alexandria.[4] In addition, he founded the Medjidieh, a precursor to the Khedivial Mail Line.
Sa'id's heir presumptive, Ahmad Rifaat, drowned in 1858 at Kafr el-Zayyat when a railway train on which he was travelling fell off a car float into the Nile.[5] Therefore, when Sa'id died in January 1863 he was succeeded by his nephew Ismail.
The Mediterranean port of Port Said is named after him.
He married twice, to a first wife Inji Hanim with one son Ahmed Sherif Pasha, and to a second wife Melekber Hanim with two sons, Mahmoud Bey, and Mohamed Toussoun Pasha.
He was buried in Hosh al-Basha the Royal Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafi'i, Cairo, Egypt.
Honours
edit
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold (civil), 26 January 1855[6]
French Empire: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 1863[7]
Ottoman Empire:
- Order of Glory
- Order of Osmanieh, Special Class
- Order of the Medjidie, Special Class, 1853
Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph, 1856
Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion, 1856
Sources
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References
edit- ^ a b c Bowen, John Eliot (1886). "The Conflict of East and West in Egypt". Political Science Quarterly. 1 (2): 295–335. doi:10.2307/2138972. JSTOR 2138972.
- ^ Pierre Crabitès (2018). Revival: Ismail: The Maligned Khedive (1933). Routledge. p. 1758. ISBN 9781351340144. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
- ^ Richard Leroy Hill (1995). A Black corps d'élite: an Egyptian Sudanese conscript battalion with the French Army in Mexico, 1863-1867, and its survivors in subsequent African history. East Lansing, United States: Michigan State University Press. ISBN 9780870133398.
- ^ Hugh Hughes (1981). Middle East Railways. Continental Railway Circle. p. 13. ISBN 0-9503469-7-7.
- ^ Hughes, 1981, page 17
- ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1856, p. 47 – via Archives de Bruxelles
- ^ M. Wattel, B. Wattel. (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 443. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
Further reading
edit- Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
