Philornis is a genus of around 50 species of fly (Diptera, Muscidae) from Central and South America. Their larvae are subcutaneous parasites of nestling birds.[3] They are sometimes referred to as "bot flies",[4] though they are not related to true bot flies (family Oestridae).
| Philornis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Philornis downsi | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Muscidae |
| Subfamily: | Azeliinae |
| Tribe: | Reinwardtiini |
| Genus: | Philornis Meinert, 1890[1] |
| Synonyms | |
Two species[which?] are also found in the southern United States. One species, P. downsi, has been accidentally introduced to the Galapagos Archipelago, posing a major threat to some of its endemic birds.[6][7]
They parasitize a wide range of bird species including psittacines. A study in the Peruvian Amazon compared parasite prevalence among different nests of scarlet macaws at the Tambopata research site, to see whether any of the nest types resulted in higher infestation.[4] Parasite prevalence was significantly lower in natural nest hollows than in artificial nest boxes. The most extreme intensity was 63 larvae per chick,[4] which is higher than those found for other Neotropical parrots.[8] The study also described a new and efficient technique to remove larvae using a reverse syringe design snake bite extractor.[4]
Species
edit- Philornis aitkeni Dodge, 1963
- Philornis albuquerquei Couri, 1983
- Philornis amazonensis Couri, 1983
- Philornis angustifrons (Loew, 1861)
- Philornis bella Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis blanchardi García, 1952
- Philornis carinata Dodge, 1968
- Philornis cinnamomina (Stein, 1918)
- Philornis deceptiva (Dodge & Aitken, 1968)[10]
- Philornis diminuta Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis downsi (Dodge & Aitken, 1968)[10]
- Philornis falsifica (Dodge & Aitken, 1968)[10]
- Philornis fasciventris (Wulp, 1896)
- Philornis frontalis Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis fumicosta Dodge, 1968
- Philornis gagnei Couri, 1983
- Philornis glaucinis Dodge & Aitken, 1968[10]
- Philornis grandis Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis insularis Couri, 1983
- Philornis isla Couri, 2000
- Philornis lopesi Couri, 1983
- Philornis masoni Couri, 1986
- Philornis mediana Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis mima (Townsend, 1927)[2]
- Philornis mimicola Dodge, 1968
- Philornis molesta Meinert, 1890)[1]
- Philornis nielseni Dodge, 1968
- Philornis nigra Dodge & Aitken, 1968[10]
- Philornis obscura (Wulp, 1896)
- Philornis obscurinervis Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis petersoni Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis porteri Dodge, 1955
- Philornis querula Dodge & Aitken, 1968[10]
- Philornis rettenmeyeri Dodge, 1963
- Philornis ruforscutellaris Couri, 1983
- Philornis sabroskyi Albuquerque, 1957
- Philornis sanguinis Dodge & Aitken, 1968[10]
- Philornis schildi Dodge, 1963
- Philornis seguyi García, 1952
- Philornis setinervis Dodge, 1963
- Philornis sperophila (Townsend, 1895)
- Philornis torquans (Nielsen, 1913)
- Philornis trinitensis Dodge & Aitken, 1968[10]
- Philornis umanani García, 1952
- Philornis univittata Dodge, 1968
- Philornis vespidicola Dodge, 1968
- Philornis vulgaris Couri, 1984[9]
- Philornis zeteki Dodge, 1963
References
edit- ^ a b Meinert, F. (1890). "Philornis molesta, en paa fugle snyltende tachinarie". Naturhist. For. Kjobenhavn, Vidensk. Meddel. 1889 (ser. 5, 1): 304–317, 1 pl.
- ^ a b Townsend, C. H. T. (1927). "Synopse dos generos muscoideos da regiao humida tropical da America, con generos e especies". Revista do Museu Paulista. 15: 203–385.
- ^ Couri, M. S.; Carvalho, C. J. B. (2003). "Systematic Relations Among Philornis Meinert, Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve and Allied Genera (Diptera, Muscidae)" (PDF). Braz. J. Biol. 63 (2): 223–32. doi:10.1590/s1519-69842003000200007. PMID 14509844.
- ^ a b c d Olah, George; Vigo, Gabriela; Ortiz, Lizzie; Rozsa, Lajos; Brightsmith, Donald J. (2013). "Philornis sp. bot fly larvae in free living scarlet macaw nestlings and a new technique for their extraction" (PDF). Veterinary Parasitology. 196 (1–2): 245–249. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.052. PMID 23384580.
- ^ Pujol-Luz, José Roberto; Duca, Charles; Marini, Miguel Ângelo; Barbosa, Leandro; Couri, Márcia Souto (2018-11-23). "A new host for Philornis torquans (Diptera, Muscidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 58: e20185857. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.57. ISSN 1807-0205.
- ^ Bulgarella, Mariana; Lincango, M. Piedad; Lahuatte, Paola F.; Oliver, Jonathan D.; Cahuana, Andrea; Ramírez, Ismael E.; Sage, Roxanne; Colwitz, Alyssa J.; Freund, Deborah A.; Miksanek, James R.; Moon, Roger D.; Causton, Charlotte E.; Heimpel, George E. (2022). "Persistence of the invasive bird-parasitic fly Philornis downsi over the host interbreeding period in the Galapagos Islands". Scientific Reports. 12 (2325): 2325. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.2325B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-06208-5. PMC 8837626. PMID 35149738. S2CID 246776484.
- ^ Couri, M. S. (1999). Myiasis caused by obligatory parasites Ia. Philornis Meinert (Muscidae). In Guimarães J. H., Papavero N. (eds.), Myiasis in man and animals in the Neotropical region;. São Paulo, Brazil.: Editora Pleiade. pp. 44–70.
- ^ Seixas, G. H. F.; Mourao, G. (2003). "Growth of nestlings of the blue-fronted amazon (Amazona aestiva) raised in the wild or in captivity". Ornitologia Neotropical. 14: 295–305.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Couri, M. S. (1984). "Notes and descriptions of Philornis flies (Diptera, Muscidae, Cyrtoneurinininae)". Rev. Bras. Entomol. 28: 473–490.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dodge, H. Rodney; Aitken, Thomas H. G. (1968). "Philornis Flies from Trinidad (Diptera: Muscidae)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 41 (1). Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society: 134–154. JSTOR 25083688.