Penares sphaera, the crater sponge, is a deep sea demosponge from southern Africa.
| Penares sphaera | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Demospongiae |
| Order: | Tetractinellida |
| Family: | Geodiidae |
| Genus: | Penares |
| Species: | P. sphaera
|
| Binomial name | |
| Penares sphaera (Lendenfeld, 1907)
| |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
Description edit
This pale sponge has a thick encrusting growth form. It ranges from white to pale peach to light grey. [2][3] It is very hard, almost stony.[2] It does, however, tear easily. The surface looks smooth but has a rough texture.[3] White ringed ostioles are scattered across the surface and may be more clustered in some parts.[2] Oscules are abundant on the upper parts. It may grow to be 110 mm (4.3 in) long and 90 mm (3.5 in) wide.[3]
Spicules edit
The following spicules make up the skeleton of this species:[2]
- Dichotriaenes (spicules that branch in pairs) with short rays
- Curved robust oxeas (spicules with pointed ends)
- Curved microxeas (small oxeas)
Skeleton edit
Dichotriaenes and envelop the surface. The longest rays face inwards. Oxeas and microxeas are scattered in the choanosome. The cortex is made of densely packed microxeas.[2]
Distribution and habitat edit
This species is found off the coast of Namibia and off the West, South and East Coasts of South Africa. It grows on solid surfaces at depths of 107–500 m (351–1,640 ft).[2][3]
Ecology edit
This species is sometimes found growing on other sponges.[2] Molluscs may be found living within the sponge and invertebrates may be found living on the surface. [3]
References edit
- ^ "Penares sphaera". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Uriz, María Jesús (1988). Deep-water sponges from the continental shelf and slope of Namibia (south-west Africa). Classes Hexactinellida and Demospongiae. CSIC-Instituto de Ciencias del Mar (ICM)
- ^ a b c d e Atkinson, Lara J; Sink, Kerry J (2018). Field guide to the offshore marine invertebrates of South Africa (PDF). Pretoria: South African Environmental Observation Network. ISBN 978-1-86868-098-6. OCLC 1037159161.