National Assembly of Quebec

The National Assembly of Quebec (French: Assemblée nationale du Québec)[1] is the legislative body of the province of Quebec in Canada. Legislators are called MNAs (Members of the National Assembly; French: députés). The lieutenant governor of Quebec (representing the King of Canada)[2] and the National Assembly compose the Legislature of Quebec, which operates in a fashion similar to those of other Westminster-style parliamentary systems. The assembly has 125 members elected first past the post from single-member districts.

National Assembly of Quebec

Assemblée nationale du Québec
43rd Quebec Legislature
Coat of arms or logo
Type
Type
History
FoundedDecember 31, 1968 (1968-12-31)
Preceded byLegislative Assembly of Quebec
Leadership
Nathalie Roy
since November 29, 2022
François Legault, CAQ
since October 18, 2018
Simon Jolin-Barrette, CAQ
since October 18, 2018
Marc Tanguay, PLQ
since November 10, 2022
Opposition House Leader
Marc Tanguay, PLQ
since September 5, 2019
Structure
Seats125 members of Assembly
Political groups
Government of Quebec
  •   CAQ (88)

Official Opposition

Parties with official status

  •   QS (12)

Parties without official status

Elections
First-past-the-post
Last election
October 3, 2022
Next election
On or before October 5, 2026
Meeting place
Parliament Building, Quebec City, Quebec
Website
assnat.qc.ca

The National Assembly was formerly the lower house of Quebec's legislature and was then called the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. In 1968, the upper house, the Legislative Council, was abolished and the remaining house was renamed. The office of President of the National Assembly is equivalent to speaker in other legislatures. As of the 2022 Quebec general election, the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) has the most seats in the Assembly.

History

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Quebec Legislative Assembly in 1933

The Constitutional Act 1791 created the Parliament of Lower Canada. It consisted of two chambers, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. That parliament and both chambers were abolished in 1841 when the Act of Union 1840 merged Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single province named the Province of Canada. The Act of Union created a new Parliament of the Province of Canada, also composed of a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly. That Parliament had jurisdiction over the entire province, with members from Lower Canada and Upper Canada in both houses.

The Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act), created the Dominion of Canada, and also created the provinces of Ontario and Quebec by splitting the old Province of Canada into two, based on the old boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada. The act created a new bicameral Legislature for the province of Quebec, composed of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

In December 1955, the assembly passed a bill according the title "Member of Provincial Parliament" (membre du Parlement provincial) and the initialism "MPP" (M.P.P.) to members of the legislature.[3] Previously, there had been no fixed designation, but they had often been referred to as "Members of the Legislative Assembly" (MLAs) (membres de l'Assemblée législative (M.A.L.s)), which Premier Maurice Duplessis noted in his speech on the bill, "can sometimes be pronounced as 'mal', which means 'evil' in French."[4]

In 1961, Marie-Claire Kirkland became the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly.

In 1968, Bill 90 was passed by the government of Premier Jean-Jacques Bertrand, abolishing the Legislative Council and renaming the Legislative Assembly the "National Assembly", in line with the more strident nationalism of the Quiet Revolution. Before 1968, there had been various unsuccessful attempts at abolishing the Legislative Council, which was analogous to the Senate of Canada. With the adoption of the new name, members of the assembly were now designated Members of the National Assembly (MNA) in English. In French, they are referred to as either membre de l'Assemblée nationale with the initialism M.A.N.[5] or as députés de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec.[6]

In 1978, television cameras were brought in for the first time to televise parliamentary debates. The colour of the walls was changed to suit the needs of television, and the salon vert (green hall) became the salon bleu (blue hall).

In 1984, Canadian Forces corporal Denis Lortie stormed into the Parliament Building and opened fire, killing three government employees and wounding thirteen others. His intended target was Premier René Lévesque and his Parti Québécois government. However, he was around 15 minutes early and the Assembly floor was still mostly empty; no politicians were shot. He surrendered to police hours later.[7]

Parliament Building

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The Fontaine de Tourny east of the Parliament Building

Constructed between 1877 and 1886, the Parliament Building features the Second Empire architectural style[8] that was popular for prestigious buildings both in Europe (especially France where the style originated) and the United States during the latter 19th century.

Although somewhat more sober in appearance and lacking a towering central belfry, Quebec City's Parliament Building bears a definite likeness to the Philadelphia City Hall, another Second Empire edifice in North America which was built during the same period. Even though the building's symmetrical layout with a frontal clock tower in the middle is typical of legislative institutions of British heritage, the architectural style is believed to be unique among parliament buildings found in other Canadian provincial capitals.[citation needed] Its façade presents a pantheon representing significant events and people of the history of Quebec.

In 1936, Maurice Duplessis hung a crucifix in the Legislative Assembly chamber. It hung there for 83 years, until it was removed on 10 July 2019.[9]

Additional buildings were added, adjacent to the Parliament Buildings:

  • Édifice André-Laurendeau was added from 1935 to 1937 to house the Ministry of Transport.
  • Édifice Honoré-Mercier was added from 1922 to 1925 to house the Ministries of the Treasury (Finance), the Attorney General and the Secretary General of the National Assembly.
  • Édifice Jean-Antoine-Panet was added from 1931 to 1932 for the Ministry of Agriculture.
  • Édifice Pamphile-Le May added from 1910 to 1915 for the Library of the National Assembly, various other government offices and for the Executive Council.

Elections

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General elections are held every four years or less. Since 2014, the legislature has had a fixed four-year term, with elections taking place no later than "the first Monday of October of the fourth calendar year following the year that includes the last day of the previous Legislature."[10] However, the lieutenant governor, acting on the advice of the premier, can dissolve the legislature and call an election earlier. Any Canadian citizen at least 18 years old who has been residing in Quebec for at least six months qualifies to be on the electoral list.[citation needed]

Normally, the lieutenant governor invites the leader of the political party with the largest number of elected candidates to form the government as premier (premier ministre in French; French does not make a distinction between premier and prime minister).

Quebec's territory is divided into 125 electoral districts (ridings). In each riding, the candidate who receives the most votes is elected and becomes a member of the National Assembly (MNA). This is the first-past-the-post voting system. It tends to produce strong disparities in the number of seats won compared to the popular vote, perhaps best exemplified by the 1966 (wrong-winner result), 1970 (false-majority result), 1973, and 1998 election (wrong-winner and false-majority result).

Quebec elections have also tended to be volatile since the 1970s, producing a large turnover in seats. Consequently, existing political parties often lose more than half their seats with the rise of new or opposition political parties. For instance, the 1970 and 1973 elections saw the demise of the Union Nationale and rise of the Parti Québécois, which took power in 1976. The 1985 and 1994 elections saw the Liberals gain and lose power in landslide elections. The 2018 elections saw the rise of the Coalition Avenir Québec, which took power for the first time.

Members

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Current standings

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Cabinet ministers are in bold, party leaders are in italic and the president of the National Assembly is marked with a †.

Name Party Riding
  Pierre Dufour CAQ Abitibi-Est
  Suzanne Blais CAQ Abitibi-Ouest
  André Morin Liberal Acadie
  Karine Boivin Roy CAQ Anjou–Louis-Riel
  Agnès Grondin CAQ Argenteuil
  Éric Lefebvre CAQ Arthabaska
  Independent
  Luc Provençal CAQ Beauce-Nord
  Samuel Poulin CAQ Beauce-Sud
  Claude Reid CAQ Beauharnois
  Stéphanie Lachance CAQ Bellechasse
  Caroline Proulx CAQ Berthier
  France-Élaine Duranceau CAQ Bertrand
  Mario Laframboise CAQ Blainville
  Catherine Blouin CAQ Bonaventure
  Simon Jolin-Barrette CAQ Borduas
  Cadet Madwa-Nika Liberal Bourassa-Sauvé
  Isabelle Charest CAQ Brome-Missisquoi
  Paul St-Pierre Plamondon PQ Camille-Laurin
  Jean-François Roberge CAQ Chambly
  Sonia LeBel CAQ Champlain
  Mathieu Lévesque CAQ Chapleau
  Jonatan Julien CAQ Charlesbourg
  Kariane Bourassa CAQ Charlevoix–Côte-de-Beaupré
  Marie-Belle Gendron CAQ Châteauguay
  Sylvain Lévesque CAQ Chauveau
  Andrée Laforest CAQ Chicoutimi
  Sona Lakhoyan Olivier Liberal Chomedey
  Martine Biron CAQ Chutes-de-la-Chaudière
  Mathieu Rivest CAQ Côte-du-Sud
  Elisabeth Prass Liberal D'Arcy-McGee
  Benoit Charette CAQ Deux-Montagnes
  Sébastien Schneeberger CAQ Drummond–Bois-Francs
  François Tremblay CAQ Dubuc
  Kateri Champagne Jourdain CAQ Duplessis
  Alice Abou-Khalil Liberal Fabre
  Stéphane Sainte-Croix CAQ Gaspé
  Robert Bussière CAQ Gatineau
  Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois QS Gouin
  François Bonnardel CAQ Granby
  Eric Girard CAQ Groulx
  Alexandre Leduc QS Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
  Suzanne Tremblay CAQ Hull
  Carole Mallette CAQ Huntingdon
  Audrey Bogemans CAQ Iberville
  Joël Arseneau PQ Îles-de-la-Madeleine
  Greg Kelley Liberal Jacques-Cartier
  Sol Zanetti QS Jean-Lesage
  Filomena Rotiroti Liberal Jeanne-Mance–Viger
  Pascal Paradis PQ Jean-Talon
  André Lamontagne CAQ Johnson
  François St-Louis CAQ Joliette
  Yannick Gagnon CAQ Jonquière
  Chantale Jeannotte CAQ Labelle
  Éric Girard CAQ Lac-Saint-Jean
  Marc Tanguay Liberal LaFontaine
  Éric Caire CAQ La Peltrie
  Linda Caron Liberal La Pinière
  Isabelle Poulet CAQ Laporte
  Christian Dubé CAQ La Prairie
  François Legault CAQ L'Assomption
  Andrés Fontecilla QS Laurier-Dorion
  Céline Haytayan CAQ Laval-des-Rapides
  Marie-Louise Tardif CAQ Laviolette–Saint-Maurice
  Independent
  Lucie Lecours CAQ Les Plaines
  Bernard Drainville CAQ Lévis
  Isabelle Lecours CAQ Lotbinière-Frontenac
  Geneviève Guilbault CAQ Louis-Hébert
  Frédéric Beauchemin Liberal Marguerite-Bourgeoys
  Shirley Dorismond CAQ Marie-Victorin
  Enrico Ciccone Liberal Marquette
  Simon Allaire CAQ Maskinongé
  Mathieu Lemay CAQ Masson
  Pascal Bérubé PQ Matane-Matapédia
  Haroun Bouazzi QS Maurice-Richard
  François Jacques CAQ Mégantic
  Ruba Ghazal QS Mercier
  Virginie Dufour Liberal Mille-Îles
  Sylvie D'Amours CAQ Mirabel
  Nathalie Roy CAQ Montarville
  Jean-François Simard CAQ Montmorency
  Michelle Setlakwe Liberal Mont-Royal–Outremont
  Monsef Derraji Liberal Nelligan
  Donald Martel CAQ Nicolet-Bécancour
  Désirée McGraw Liberal Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
  Gilles Bélanger CAQ Orford
  Mathieu Lacombe CAQ Papineau
  Chantal Rouleau CAQ Pointe-aux-Trembles
  André Fortin Liberal Pontiac
  Vincent Caron CAQ Portneuf
  Sonia Bélanger CAQ Prévost
  Yves Montigny CAQ René-Lévesque
  Pascale Déry CAQ Repentigny
  Jean-Bernard Émond CAQ Richelieu
  André Bachand CAQ Richmond
  Maïté Blanchette Vézina CAQ Rimouski
  Amélie Dionne CAQ Rivière-du-Loup–Témiscouata
  Brigitte Garceau Liberal Robert-Baldwin
  Nancy Guillemette CAQ Roberval
  Vincent Marissal QS Rosemont
  Louis-Charles Thouin CAQ Rousseau
  Daniel Bernard CAQ Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue
  Geneviève Hébert CAQ Saint-François
  Dominique Anglade (until Dec. 1, 2022) Liberal Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne
  Guillaume Cliche-Rivard (since Mar. 13, 2023) QS
  Chantal Soucy CAQ Saint-Hyacinthe
  Louis Lemieux CAQ Saint-Jean
  Youri Chassin CAQ Saint-Jérôme
  Marwah Rizqy Liberal Saint-Laurent
  Manon Massé QS Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques
  Christopher Skeete CAQ Sainte-Rose
  Christine Fréchette CAQ Sanguinet
  Christine Labrie QS Sherbrooke
  Marilyne Picard CAQ Soulanges
  Lionel Carmant CAQ Taillon
  Étienne Grandmont QS Taschereau
  Pierre Fitzgibbon CAQ Terrebonne
  Jean Boulet CAQ Trois-Rivières
  Denis Lamothe CAQ Ungava
  Ian Lafrenière CAQ Vachon
  Mario Asselin CAQ Vanier-Les Rivières
  Marie-Claude Nichols Liberal Vaudreuil
  Independent
  Suzanne Roy CAQ Verchères
  Alejandra Zaga Mendez QS Verdun
  Frantz Benjamin Liberal Viau
  Valérie Schmaltz CAQ Vimont
  Jennifer Maccarone Liberal Westmount–Saint-Louis

Seating plan

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Most recent election

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Changes during the 43rd Quebec Legislature

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Number of members
per party by date
2022 2023 2024
Oct 3 Oct 27 Dec 1 Mar 7 Mar 13 Mar 29 Jul 19 Oct 2 Apr 17
Coalition Avenir Québec 90 90 90 89 89 90 89 89 88
Liberal 21 20 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Québec solidaire 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12
Parti Québécois 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4
Independent 0 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2
Vacant 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

Proceedings

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One of the members of the National Assembly is elected as President of the Assembly (a post called speaker in most other Westminster System assemblies). Any member of the assembly is eligible to stand for election, other than party leaders and Cabinet ministers. The election is the first order of business for a newly elected assembly. It is conducted by secret ballot of all members, with successive rounds of voting if needed before one candidate gains a majority of the votes.[11]

The president of the assembly is the arbiter of the parliamentary debates between the members of the government and the members of the Opposition. In order for a member to address the assembly, the member speak through the president. The president is usually a member of the governing party.

The proceedings of the National Assembly are broadcast across Quebec on the cable television network Canal de l'Assemblée nationale.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Lois Constitutionnelles de 1867 à 1982" (PDF) (in French). Ministry of Justice. January 1, 2013.
  2. ^ An Act respecting the National Assembly, CQLR 1982, c. A-23.1, s. 2
  3. ^ "An Act Respecting the Titles of the Members of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec". www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca (in French). December 15, 1955. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  4. ^ Débats de l'Assemblée législative. November 17, 1955.
  5. ^ https://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/patrimoine/lexique/m-a-n-(membre-de-l-assemblee-nationale).html
  6. ^ https://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/deputes/rapport-liste-depute.html
  7. ^ "Canadian Parliamentary Review - Article". www.revparl.ca. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
  8. ^ Useful Information – National Assembly of Quebec. Assnat.qc.ca (October 29, 2012). Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  9. ^ "Crucifix removed from National Assembly's Blue Room". CBC News. July 9, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  10. ^ An Act to amend the Election Act for the purpose of establishing fixed-date elections, L.Q. 2013, c. 13, s. 3
  11. ^ La procédure parliamentaire du Québec, 3e édition (Québec: Assemblée nationale du Québec, 2012), pp. 140-147.

Bibliography

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  • Assemblé nationale du Québec (2000). What is the National Assembly?, Québec: Assemblée nationale, 58 p. (ISBN 2-550-30165-X)
  • Deschênes, Gaston (1983). The Assemblée nationale: Its Organization and Parliamentary Procedure, Québec: Assemblée nationale, 53 p. (ISBN 2551047595) [1st ed. in 1977]
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