Nar Phu, or ’Narpa, is a Sino-Tibetan variety spoken in the two villages of Nar and Phu, in the Valley of the Nar Khola in the Manang district of Nepal. It forms a dialect continuum with Manang and may be intelligible with it; however, the Nar and Phu share a secret language to confound Gyasumdo and Manang who would otherwise understand them.[1]
| Nar Phu | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Nepal |
| Region | Manang district |
Native speakers | 600 (2011)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | npa |
| Glottolog | narp1239 |
| ELP | Nar Phu |
Phonology edit
Vowels edit
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | |
| Low | a | ɑ |
The language lacks all middle vowels and the open mid vowel /ɔ/.
Consonants edit
| Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | unaspirated | p | t | ʈ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||
| Affricate | unaspirated | ts | tɕ | |||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tɕʰ | ||||
| Fricative | s | ɕ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | voiced | l | ||||
| voiceless | l̥ | |||||
| Rhotic | voiced | r | ||||
| voiceless | r̥ | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɰ | |||
Comparatively to the English language, the /g/ is not in the language.
Tones edit
Nar Phu distinguishes four tones: high falling, high level, low rising murmured, and mid/low falling murmured.
Language Patterns edit
Nar-Phu has a different vowel system than other Tamangic languages, due to the amount of front vowels. Nar-Phu is a four-tone language. Tones 1 and 4 are falling; tones 3 and 4 are murmured. Tone 2 is distinguished by its clear, high quality. Nar-Phu has no formal gendered language system, but some suffixes are used to describe animals, even castrated male animals. Honorific Noun phrases are used when there is not a noun in place for said words. [1]
Swadesh List edit
- čhipruŋ - Nar
- ŋêe min - my name is
- cɦecuke - children
- tɦosor - happy/happier/happiness
- læ̂se/yarcʌkômpʌ - Yarsagompa
- šiŋ - wood
- kɦêpɛ - eighth month
- ɦyâŋi - yaks
- momori - momo
- kɦeskʌ - gas
- læ̂pa - cup
- bɦaʈʈi - hotel
- eki - again
- mɦi - dies
- molompapɛ - religious books
- molom - worship
[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c Nar Phu at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Bibliography edit
- Noonan, Michael (2003). "Nar-Phu" Sino-Tibetan Languages, edited by Randy LaPolla and Graham Thurgood, 336-352. London: Routledge.
- Kristine A. Hildebrandt (2013). “Converb and aspect marking polysemy in Nar” Responses to Language Endangerment: In Honor of Mickey Noonan, edited by Elena Mihas, Bernard Perley, Gabriel Rei-Doval, and Kathleen Wheatley, 97-117. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Kristine A. Hildebrandt, D.N. Dhakal, Oliver Bond, Matt Vallejo and Andrea Fyffe. (2015). “A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Manang, Nepal: Co-existence and endangerment.” NFDIN Journal, 14.6: 104-122.
- Mandala collections. Nar-Phu | Mandala Collections - Audio-Video. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://av.mandala.library.virginia.edu/collection/nar-phu.
External links edit
- Manang Languages Project of Kristine Hildebrandt
- Nar Phu Valley Trekking Nepal
- Nar-Phu language archive at the University of Virginia Tibetan and Himalayan Library