United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library.

United States National Library of Medicine
Library in 1999
38°59′45″N 77°05′56″W
Location	Bethesda, Maryland, United States
Type	Medical library
Established	1836 (1836) (as the Library of the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army)
Reference to legal mandate	Public Law 941 – August 3, 1956, an amendment to Title III of the Public Health Service Act
Branch of	National Institutes of Health
Collection
Items collected	books, journals, manuscripts, images, and multimedia; genomic, chemical, toxicological, and environmental data; drug information; clinical trials data; health data standards; software; and consumer health information
Size	27.8 million (2015)
Criteria for collection	Acquiring, organizing, and preserving the world's scholarly biomedical literature
Access and use
Access requirements	Open to the public
Circulation	309,817 (2015)
Other information
Budget	US$341,119,000
Director	Patricia Flatley Brennan, RN PhD
Employees	1,741
Website	nlm.nih.gov

Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is an institute within the National Institutes of Health. Its collections include more than seven million books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts, microfilms, photographs, and images on medicine and related sciences, including some of the world's oldest and rarest works.

The current acting director of the NLM is Stephen Sherry.

History

For details of the pre-1956 history of the Library, see Library of the Surgeon General's Office.

The precursor of the National Library of Medicine, established in 1836, was the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, a part of the office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and its Medical Museum were founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum. Throughout their history the Library of the Surgeon General's Office and the Army Medical Museum often shared quarters. From 1866 to 1887, they were housed in Ford's Theatre after production there was stopped, following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.

In 1956, the library collection was transferred from the control of the U.S. Department of Defense to the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and renamed the National Library of Medicine, through the instrumentality of Frank Bradway Rogers, who was the director from 1956 to 1963. The library moved to its current quarters in Bethesda, Maryland, on the campus of the National Institutes of Health, in 1962.

Directors

Directors from 1945 to present

Portrait	Director	Took office	Left office
	Leon Lloyd Gardner	1945	1946
	Joseph Hamilton McNinch	1946	1949
	Frank Bradway Rogers	1949	1963
	Martin Marc Cummings	1964	1984
	Donald A. B. Lindberg	1984	2015
	Betsy Humphreys (acting)	2015	2016
	Patricia Flatley Brennan	2016	2023

Publications and informational resources

Since 1879, the National Library of Medicine has published the Index Medicus, a monthly guide to articles, in nearly five thousand selected journals. The last issue of Index Medicus was printed in December 2004, but this information is offered in the freely accessible PubMed, among the more than fifteen million MEDLINE journal article references and abstracts going back to the 1960s and 1.5 million references going back to the 1950s.

The National Library of Medicine runs the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which houses biological databases (PubMed among them) that are freely accessible on the Internet through the Entrez search engine and Lister Hill National Center For Biomedical Communications. As the United States National Release Center for SNOMED CT, NLM provides SNOMED CT data and resources to licensees of the NLM UMLS Metathesaurus. NLM maintains ClinicalTrials.gov registry for human interventional and observational studies. Additionally NLM runs ChemIDplus, which is a chemical database of over 400,000 chemicals complete with names, synonyms, and structures. It includes links to NLM and other databases and resources, including links to federal, state and international agencies.

Toxicology and environmental health

The Toxicology and Environmental Health Program was established at the National Library of Medicine in 1967 and is charged with developing computer databases compiled from the medical literature and from the files of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. The program has implemented several information systems for chemical emergency response and public education, such as the Toxicology Data Network, TOXMAP, Tox Town, Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders, Toxmystery, and the Household Products Database. These resources are accessible without charge on the internet.

Radiation exposure

The United States National Library of Medicine Radiation Emergency Management System provides:

• Guidance for health care providers, primarily physicians, about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury during radiological and nuclear emergencies
• Just-in-time, evidence-based, usable information with sufficient background and context to make complex issues understandable to those without formal radiation medicine expertise
• Web-based information that may be downloaded in advance, so that it would be available during an emergency if the Internet were not accessible

Radiation Emergency Management System is produced by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Office of Planning and Emergency Operations, in cooperation with the National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services, with subject matter experts from the National Cancer Institute, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and many U.S. and international consultants.

Extramural division

The Extramural Division provides grants to support research in medical information science and to support planning and development of computer and communications systems in medical institutions. Research, publications, and exhibitions on the history of medicine and the life sciences also are supported by the History of Medicine Division. In April 2008 the current exhibition Against the Odds: Making a Difference in Global Health was launched.

National Center for Biotechnology Information division

National Center for Biotechnology Information is an intramural division within National Library of Medicine that creates public databases in molecular biology, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing molecular and genomic data, and disseminates biomedical information, all for the better understanding of processes affecting human health and disease.

See also

• JournalReview.org
• National Library of Medicine classification system
• PubMed

Further reading

• Miles, Wyndham D. (1992). A History of the National Library of Medicine: The Nation's Treasury of Medical Knowledge. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 531. ISBN 978-0-16-002644-7. NLM 8218545.
• Reznick, Jeffrey; Koyle, Ken (2017). US National Library of Medicine (PDF). Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-2608-3. LCCN 2017931439. NLM 101706419.
• Schullian, Dorothy; Rogers, Frank (January 1958). "The National Library of Medicine. I". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 28 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1086/618482. JSTOR 4304714. PMID 19938388. S2CID 37983204. NLM 0135203.
• Schullian, Dorothy; Rogers, Frank (April 1958). "The National Library of Medicine. II". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 28 (2): 95–121. doi:10.1086/618521. JSTOR 4304753. PMID 19938389. S2CID 8301098. NLM 0135203.
• Past, present, and future of biomedical information. Bethesda, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine. 1987. NLM 8708723. Retrieved October 16, 2018.

External links

• Official website
• A Brief History of NLM
• Clinical Trials, research information
• HIV Info, treatment and clinical trial information
• History of Medicine Division: Finding Aids, a multi-institutional discovery service