Mecistocephalus is the largest genus of centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae, with about 140 species.[2] This genus is among the most diverse and widespread of all the genera in the order Geophilomorpha.[3] The British entomologist George Newport first proposed this genus in 1843 to contain a group of centipedes marked by an unusual elongation of the head.[4][5]
| Mecistocephalus | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Chilopoda |
| Order: | Geophilomorpha |
| Family: | Mecistocephalidae |
| Genus: | Mecistocephalus Newport, 1843[1] |
| Type species | |
| Mecistocephalus punctifrons Newport, 1843
| |
Description
editCentipedes in this genus range from 2 cm to 10 cm in length. The head, forcipular segment, and their appendages are often elongated, and the cephalic pleurites feature a pair of sclerotized teeth. Each of the first articles of the forcipules often features a pair of denticles.[2][6] The first pair of legs are markedly reduced in size.[3]
A phylogenetic analysis of the family Mecistocephalidae using morphological features places this genus in the subfamily Mecistocephalinae along with the genera Tygarrup, Krateraspis, and Takashimaia. The genera in this subfamily share a set of distinctive traits, including setae on the clypeus that are limited to a short transverse band. Diagnostic features also include a body that tapers toward the posterior end and a cephalic plate that is evidently longer than wide.[7]
Centipedes in the genus Mecistocephalus usually have 45 to 51 pairs of legs, but some have more, up to as many as 101 leg pairs.[2] Most species in this genus have 49 pairs of legs (e.g., M. punctifrons and M. pallidus),[3] but other species have 51 pairs (e.g., M. evansi and M. lifuensis), 47 pairs (e.g., M. angusticeps and M. tahitiensis), or 45 pairs (e.g., M. nannocornis and M. spissus).[8][9] Intraspecific variation in the number of leg-bearing segments within each sex has been recorded among the species with the greatest number of legs in this genus: M. diversisternus, which has 57 or 59 leg pairs, M. japonicus, which has 63 or 65 leg pairs, and M. microporus, which has odd numbers of leg pairs ranging from 93 to 101, the maximum number in the family Mecistocephalidae.[10][2]
Distribution
editCentipedes in this genus occur mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of south and east Asia, with some also found in temperate areas and in the Americas.[2]
Species
editThere are about 140 valid species,[2] including:[5]
- Mecistocephalus angusticeps (Ribaut,1914)
- Mecistocephalus apator Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus brevisternalis Takakuwa, 1934
- Mecistocephalus capillatus Takakuwa, 1935
- Mecistocephalus castaneiceps Haase, 1887
- Mecistocephalus ciliatus Takakuwa, 1942
- Mecistocephalus collinus Verhoeff, 1937
- Mecistocephalus consocius Chamberlin, 1944
- Mecistocephalus erythroceps Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus evansi Brölemann, 1922
- Mecistocephalus furculigera (Verhoeff, 1925)
- Mecistocephalus gigas Haase, 1887
- Mecistocephalus glabridorsalis Attems, 1900
- Mecistocephalus gracilis (Verhoeff, 1925)
- Mecistocephalus hebrides (Chamberlin,1944)
- Mecistocephalus heteropus Humbert, 1865
- Mecistocephalus kabasanus (Chamberlin, 1920)
- Mecistocephalus kurandanus Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus labasanus (Chamberlin, 1920)
- Mecistocephalus lifuensis Pocock, 1899
- Mecistocephalus magister Chamberlin, 1939
- Mecistocephalus manokwarius Chamberlin, 1944
- Mecistocephalus marcusensis Miyosi, 1953
- Mecistocephalus mater (Verhoeff, 1925)
- Mecistocephalus modestus (Silvestri,1919)
- Mecistocephalus nagasaunus Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus nannocornis Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus nigriceps Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus ocanus Chamberlin, 1946
- Mecistocephalus okabei Takakuwa, 1942
- Mecistocephalus ongi Takakuwa, 1934
- Mecistocephalus porosus Haase, 1887
- Mecistocephalus pseustes (Chamberlin,1939)
- Mecistocephalus punctifrons Newport, 1843
- Mecistocephalus siaronus (Chamberlin, 1920)
- Mecistocephalus simplex Chamberlin, 1920
- Mecistocephalus somonus (Chamberlin, 1920)
- Mecistocephalus spissus Wood, 1862
- Mecistocephalus subgigas (Silvestri,1919)
- Mecistocephalus subinsularis (Silvestri, 1919)
- Mecistocephalus tahitiensis Wood, 1862
- Mecistocephalus tsenapus Chamberlin, 1944
- Mecistocephalus turucanus (Chamberlin, 1920)
- Mecistocephalus uncifer (Silvestri,1919)
- Mecistocephalus waikaneus Chamberlin, 1953
- Mecistocephalus waipaheenas (Chamberlin, 1953)
- Mecistocephalus zygethus Chamberlin, 1939
References
edit- ^ Newport, G (1843). "On some new genera of the class Myriapoda". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 10 (1842): 177–181 [178].
- ^ a b c d e f Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
- ^ a b c Bonato, L.; Minelli, A. (2004). "The centipede genus Mecistocephalus Newport 1843 in the Indian Peninsula (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae)". Tropical Zoology. 17 (1): 15–63. Bibcode:2004TrZoo..17...15B. doi:10.1080/03946975.2004.10531198. ISSN 0394-6975. S2CID 85304657.
- ^ Newport, G. (1843). "On some new genera of the class Myriapoda". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 10 (1842): 177–181 [177–178] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
- ^ a b Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Mecistocephalus Newport, 1843". ChiloBase 2.0 – A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2024-06-08.
- ^ Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18). "A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)". ZooKeys (69): 17–51. Bibcode:2010ZooK...69...17B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.69.737. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3088443. PMID 21594038.
- ^ Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). "Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Systematic Entomology. 28 (4): 539–579. Bibcode:2003SysEn..28..539B. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x. ISSN 0307-6970.
- ^ Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). "Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha): Evolution of segment number in Mecistocephalidae". Systematic Entomology. 28 (4): 539–579. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x.
- ^ Evans, W. Edgar; Brolemann, Henry W. (1923). "VI.—Myriapods collected in Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 42: 54–74. doi:10.1017/S0370164600023841. ISSN 0370-1646.
- ^ Minelli, Alessandro (2020). "Arthropod Segments and Segmentation – Lessons from Myriapods, and Open Questions" (PDF). Opuscula Zoologica (Budapest). 51 (S2): 7–21. doi:10.18348/opzool.2020.S2.7. S2CID 226561862.