Brigadier General Marcelino Iñurreta de la Fuente (born in Cunduacán, Tabasco, 29 June 1901)[1] served as the first director of the Dirección Federal de Seguridad (DFS), Mexico's national intelligence agency, from 9 October 1947 to 10 December 1952.[2]
After working as a police officer in Mexico City,[3] Iñurreta served as a Federal Deputy from 1943 to 1946 and a Senator from Tabasco from 1952 to 1958.[2][4]
Director of Federal de Seguridad edit
Under Iñurreta, the DFS worked with the Attorney General's Office (PGR)[5] and the Mexican military, which initiated the 'Gran Campaña' to eradicate the narcotics trade, particularly marijuana and opium. DFS established relationships with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Central Intelligence Agency from its inception, fighting communist subversives and left-wing political activists. In 1947, FBI instructors taught nine DFS agents skills like wiretapping, which was employed against domestic dissidents, most notably in the suppression of the Mexican Railway Workers Union in October 1948. DFS spied on the unregistered Partido Comunista Mexicano, Socieded Amigos de Wallace, and Partido Popular, as well as the movements of suspected American communists like Gordon Kahn, Mary Oppen, and Morton Sobell.[6] Iñurreta reported on their activities to presidential secretary Rogelio de la Selva.[7] The agency was also responsible for protecting the president.[8]
In 1949, the CIA opened a station in Mexico City, placing E. Howard Hunt in charge as OPC Station Chief. According to Hunt, the CIA's new presence was initially obstructed by the FBI.[9] Later on, Hunt helped lay the framework for Operation PBFortune, later renamed Operation PBSuccess, the successful covert operation to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz, the president of Guatemala.[10] State Department and U.S. Army officials were wary of working with the DFS because of evidence that leading DFS personnel were personally engaged in narcotics trafficking. While the CIA did not dismiss their concerns, "competent and capable" DFS agents were preferred partners over other Mexican agencies.[11]
Corruption edit
A month before the DFS was established, the U.S. State Department concluded that Iñurreta and his principal deputies, Lieutenant Colonel Juan Ramón Gurrola and Colonel Manuel Magoral, were all involved in the illegal drug trade and that they were using intelligence from the U.S. government to eliminate rival drug traffickers.[12] Colonel Carlos I. Serrano, who advised President Miguel Alemán Valdés to create the DFS, was also involved in the drug trade.[11] Mexico's Federal Health Department, which was in charge of counter-narcotics operations prior to 1947, warned of internal corruption a decade earlier. U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Maurice C. Holden, the assistant U.S. military attache in Mexico, described the DFS under Iñurreta as "nothing but a Gestapo organization under another name" in a report to Secretary of State.[8]
References edit
- ^ "La pobreza, no la renovación moral, obliga al ocultamiento de la DFS - Proceso" (in Mexican Spanish). 1985-08-03. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
- ^ a b Camp, Roderic Ai (2011). Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-2009: Fourth Edition. United States: University of Texas Press. p. 1626. ISBN 9780292799028.
- ^ Labate, Beatriz Caluby (2016). Drug Policies and the Politics of Drugs in the Americas. Switzerland: Springer. p. 44.
- ^ Stephen J. Wager (1992). The Mexican Army, 1940-1982: The Country Comes First. Stanford University.
- ^ Toro, María Celia (1995). Mexico's "war" on Drugs: Causes and Consequences. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9781555875480.
- ^ Schreiber, Rebecca Mina (2008). Cold War Exiles in Mexico: U.S. Dissidents and the Culture of Critical Resistance. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 9780816643073.
- ^ Niblo, Stephen R. (1999). Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption. Wilmington, Delaware: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 204.
- ^ a b Niblo, Stephen R. (1999). Mexico in the 1940s: Modernity, Politics, and Corruption. Wilmington, Delaware: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 259–260.
- ^ "Interview With E. Howard Hunt". George Washington University. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ^ Tim Weiner, Obituary: E. Howard Hunt, Agent Who Organized Botched Watergate Break-In, Dies at 88, New York Times, 24 January 2007 [1]
- ^ a b Scott, Peter Dale (2010). American War Machine: Deep Politics, the CIA Global Drug Connection, and the Road to Afghanistan. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 49–51. ISBN 9781442205895.
- ^ Bailey, John J. (2001). Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 72.