Longjia (autonym: suŋ55 ni55 mpau21) is a Sino-Tibetan language of Guizhou, China related to Caijia and Luren.[2] Longjia may already be extinct (Zhao 2011).
| Longjia | |
|---|---|
| Songnibao | |
| suŋ55 ni55 mpau21 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Guizhou |
| Ethnicity | Longjia |
Native speakers | extinct? (2011)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
| Glottolog | long1417 |
The Longjia people now speak Southwestern Mandarin, though they used to speak their own language, and have had a long presence in western Guizhou. According to the Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer (2002),[5] the Longjia language was spoken in Dafang County, Qianxi County (Zhongping District 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 of Pojiao District 坡脚区), and Puding County (Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 of Baiyan Township 白岩乡). It is reportedly most similar to Caijia,[5] and has many Old Chinese loanwords.[6]
Classification
editGuizhou (1984)[3] shows that Longjia is closely related to Caijia and Luren. However, the classification of Caijia within Sino-Tibetan is uncertain. Zhengzhang (2010)[7] suggests that Caijia and Bai are sister languages, while Sagart argues that Caijia is Sinitic and a close relative of Waxiang.[8]
Dialects
editThe following dialects of Longjia have been described.
- Pojiao District 坡脚区, Dafang County, Guizhou[9][3] (Pojiao District now comprises Maochang 猫场镇, Dingxin 鼎新彝族苗族乡, and Lütang 绿塘乡 townships of southwestern Dafang County.)
- Huaxi Village 花溪大队, Zhongping District 中坪区, Qianxi County[3] (now Huaxi Township 花溪彝族苗族乡)
- Jiangyizhai 讲义寨, Puding County[3]
- Caiguan Town 蔡官镇, Anshun City, Guizhou[10]
The following comparative word list of three Longjia dialects is from Guizhou (1984:2-3).[3] Guizhou (1984) notes that the dialect of Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 (Puding County) is divergent, while the dialects of Pojiao 坡脚 (Dafang County) and Huaxi 花溪 (Qianxi County) are more closely related to each other.
| English gloss | Chinese gloss | Pojiao 坡脚 | Huaxi 花溪 | Jiangyizhai 讲义寨 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cattle | 牛 | ŋau55 | ŋau55 | ŋau35 |
| to eat | 吃 | ua31 | ua31 | ua31 |
| dog | 狗 | kuɛ33 | kuɛ33 | kuɛ53 |
| pig | 猪 | lɛ55 | lɛ55 | lɛ35 |
| chicken | 鸡 | kɛ55 | kɛ55 | kɛ55 |
| rice (crop) | 稻谷 | mɛ31 | mɛ31 | mai31 |
| water | 水 | ɕi31 | ɕe31 | se31 |
| big | 大 | la55 | la55 | lɛ31 |
| two | 二 | ta31 | ta31 | to33 |
| four | 四 | sɿ55 | si55 | so55 |
| meat | 肉 | ȵi31 | ȵi31 | ȵi31; ntɕi31 |
Phonology
editThe Puding County Almanac (1999) reports that the Longjia language (autonym: Songnibao 松泥保) has 38 onsets and 22 rimes (8 simple, 14 complex). The Bijie County Almanac (1996:143) reports that there are many prenasalized onsets. In Dafang County, the autonym is Songlibao 松立保.[6]
The most extensive lexical data of Longjia can be found in Zhang & Li (1982).[11]
Nanjinghua
editThe Nanjing people (南京人) have usually been classified with the Longjia people, and claim to be descendants of soldiers from the Nanjing area who had intermarried with the local Longjia in Guizhou.[1] Their language is known as Nanjinghua (南京话; "Nanjing speech"), which is probably now functionally extinct.[12]
In Jianxinhe village 建新河村, Kunzhai Township 昆寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, the phrase suo55 mu33 ‘eat rice’ was elicited from an elderly rememberer of Nanjinghua.[12] As suo55 is derived from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya ‘to eat’, this points to Nanjinghua having an SVO word order like Caijia, Longjia, Bai, and Sinitic languages.[12]
See also
edit- Macro-Bai comparative vocabulary list (Wiktionary)
References
edit- ^ a b Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. ISBN 9787227046783
- ^ a b Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description 20, 13-34.
- ^ a b c d e f Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Longjia-Luren". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-09-06.
- ^ a b Guizhou Province Gazetteer: Ethnic Gazetteer [贵州省志. 民族志] (2002). Guiyang: Guizhou Ethnic Publishing House [貴州民族出版社].
- ^ a b Dafang County Almanac (1996:150-152)
- ^ Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng [郑张尚芳]. 2010. Càijiāhuà Báiyǔ guānxì jí cígēn bǐjiào [蔡家话白语关系及词根比较]. In Pān Wǔyún and Shěn Zhōngwěi [潘悟云、沈钟伟] (eds.). Yánjūzhī Lè, The Joy of Research [研究之乐-庆祝王士元先生七十五寿辰学术论文集], II, 389–400. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.
- ^ Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
- ^ Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的语言]. m.s.
- ^ Caiguan Town Gazetteer [蔡官镇志] (2004). Guiyang: Guizhou People's Press [贵州人民出版社].
- ^ Zhang Jimin 张济民 & Li Juewei 李珏伟. 1982. Yuyan diaocha dagang: Dafang Longjiayu 语言调查大纲: 大方龙家语. (Unpublished manuscript.)
- ^ a b c Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others. Presented at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.
Further reading
edit- Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission, linguistic division [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. The language of the Caijia [Caijia de yuyan 蔡家的语言]. m.s.
- Guizhou provincial ethnic classification commission [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. Report on ethnic classification issues of the Nanlong people (Nanjing-Longjia) [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. m.s.
- Hsiu, Andrew. 2013. "New endangered Tibeto-Burman languages of southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and others". Presentation given at ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.
- Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. History of the Bai people of Guizhou [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. ISBN 978-7-227-04678-3
- Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Language Contexts. Language Documentation and Description, vol 20: 13-34.
- Hölzl, Andreas. 2021b. Prenasalization in Longjia. The 34th Paris Meeting on East Asian Linguistics (JLAO 34), 7-9 July 2021, Paris.
- Hölzl, Andreas. 2022a. A typological profile of Longjia, an archaic Sinitic language. 14th Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology (ALT), Austin, 15-17 December 2022 (online).
- Hölzl, Andreas. 2022b. Longjia: An archaic Sinitic language. Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, CRLAO Paris, 25 October 2022.
External links
edit- Longjia field notes (2013)