List of Brutalist structures

Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.

Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India, part of UNESCO World Heritage site


Africa

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Côte d'Ivoire

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Kenya

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South Africa

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Asia

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Bangladesh

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India

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Indonesia

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Iraq

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Israel

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Japan

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Lebanon

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Philippines

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Singapore

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Vietnam

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Americas

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Argentina

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Buenos Aires

  • Chacarita Cemetery Subterranean / Sixth Pantheon, Buenos Aires, (1950-1958)
  • Republica Building, Buenos Aires, (1951-1954)
  • Santa Maria de Betania Parish, Buenos Aires, (1954)
  • Santa Catalina de Alejandria Church, Buenos Aires, (1957-1968)
  • Banco de Londres building, Buenos Aires, Clorindo Testa, (1959)
  • University Campus / Pavilion II, Buenos Aires, (1961)
  • Della Penna School, Buenos Aires, (1963-1969)
  • Argentine Automobile Club - Once, Buenos Aires, (1968)
  • Argentine Automobile Club - Palermo, Buenos Aires, (1968)
  • Telefónica Inclán, Buenos Aires, (1968)
  • Dorrego Tower, Buenos Aires, (1968-1971)
  • Nuestra Señora del Valle Parish, Buenos Aires, (1969)
  • Acoyte Complex, Buenos Aires, (1969)
  • Rioja Complex, Buenos Aires, (1969-1973)
  • Institute of the Argentine Federal Police, Buenos Aires, (1974)
  • Castex Tower, Buenos Aires, (1975-1985)
  • Parking Marcelo T. De Alvear 686, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
  • Arribeños 1630, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
  • Arribeños 1684, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
  • San Pauls School, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
  • Normal High School No.1, Buenos Aires, (1970s)
  • Rodriguez Peña 2043 Building, Buenos Aires, (1975-1978)
  • Colpayo 54/56, Buenos Aires, (1978)
  • River Plate Monumental Stadium, Buenos Aires, (1978-1982)
  • Brazilian Embassy, Buenos Aires, (1978-1989)
  • National Library of the Argentine Republic, Buenos Aires, Clorindo Testa, (1992)

Córdoba

La Plata

Barbados

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  • The General Post Office (GPO), Bridgetown, Barbados. (1984)

Brazil

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Canada

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Chile

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Cuba

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Guyana

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Mexico

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Peru

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United States

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Venezuela

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Europe

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Belgium

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Bulgaria

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Sofia Central Station (1974), Bulgaria
 
National Palace of Culture (1981), Sofia, Bulgaria

Denmark

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Estonia

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France

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Germany

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Greece

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Ireland

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  • Central Plaza, Dublin. Originally the Central Bank of Ireland Building (1978)
  • Phibsborough Tower, Dublin[9]

Italy

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Lithuania

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Moldova

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Poland

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Majdanek concentration camp, Poland
  • Supersam Warsaw, Poland (1962)
  • Młotek, 8 Smolna Street in Warsaw, Poland (1964, by Jan Bogusławski, Bohdan Gniewiewski)
  • Bunkier Sztuki, Kraków, Poland (Krystyna Tołłoczko-Różyska, Antoni Hajdecki, 1965)
  • Mausoleum of the Majdanek concentration camp, Poland (Wiktor Tołkin, Janusz Dembek, 1969)
  • Spodek, Katowice, Poland (1971)
  • Katowice railway station, Katowice, Poland (Wacław Kłyszewski, Jerzy Mokrzyński and Eugeniusz Wierzbicki a.k.a. "The Tigers", 1972)
  • Hala Olivia, Gdańsk, Poland (1972)
  • Forum Hotel, Kraków, Poland (Janusz Ingarden, 1978–1989)
  • Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and Our Lady of Health of the Sick in Katowice, Poland (Henryk Buszko, Aleksander Franta, (1991)

Portugal

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Romania

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Russia

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Serbia

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Spain

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Sweden

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Switzerland

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United Kingdom

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England

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Many of the notable surviving brutalist buildings in England are listed on the National Heritage List for England. Inclusion on the list is based on a building's "special architectural and historic interest", with "particularly careful selection required" for buildings constructed after 1945 (i.e. all brutalist structures).[10] There are three grades of listed building: grade I for buildings "of exceptional interest", grade II* for "particularly important buildings of more than special interest" and grade II for buildings "of special interest". Buildings may also be granted a certificate of immunity from listing for a period of five years, allowing a building to be developed or demolished in the knowledge that it will not be subject to listing in that period.[11] A certificate of immunity was issued for the Robin Hood Gardens Estate in 2009 and then again in 2015, prior to its demolition in 2017, after Historic England determined that it "[did] not meet the very high threshold for listing".[12] Listing has not always prevented the demolition of buildings, such as Imperial College London's Southside Halls of Residence that was demolished in 2005 after the university presented structural engineers' reports – disputed by reports from other structural engineers – that the building was failing and could not be repaired.[13][14][15]

 
Kingsgate Bridge and Dunelm House, Durham, United Kingdom
 
Preston bus station, United Kingdom

Northern Ireland

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Scotland

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Wales

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Oceania

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Australia

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New Zealand

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See also

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  • Panel building – many of which are large and constructed of bare concrete panels.
  • Panelák – a panel building constructed of pre-fabricated, pre-stressed concrete which may resemble brutalist structures.
  • Plattenbau – as above but in Germany

Notes

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  1. ^ Setiap Gedung (21 December 2018). "Intiland Tower Surabaya (terbaru 23 Juni 2020)". setiapgedung.web.id. Retrieved 2020-06-25.
  2. ^ "All of America, and Parking Too". The New York Times.
  3. ^ Vũ, Hiệp (2021-10-19). "Isakovich và sự biến đổi kiến trúc Liên Xô ở Việt Nam" [Isakovich and the evolution of Soviet architecture in Vietnam]. Tạp chí Sông Hương. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  4. ^ Jain, Kripa (2020-12-13). "10 Reasons why architects must visit Vietnam". Rethinking The Future. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  5. ^ Craigdarroch Residences (1964–67)
  6. ^ Landsdown Residences
  7. ^ "New brutalism: Constantin Brodzki's Brussels HQ is up for renovation by Fosbury & Sons". Wallpaper*. 2018-06-28. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  8. ^ Hellenic National AudioVisual Archive, The Opening of the new Athenian School of Theology building, Duration: 00:04:03:23 – 00:04:51:06
  9. ^ "Phibsborough Tower and Richmond Road Studios - Open House Dublin 2024". openhousedublin.com. 2023-10-14. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
  10. ^ "Listed Buildings". Historic England. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  11. ^ "How To Get Historic Buildings or Sites Protected Through Listing". Historic England. Certificates of Immunity. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  12. ^ "Robin Hood Gardens Estate". Historic England. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
  13. ^ a b Eva Branscome (3 January 2005). "Imperial College – why we sometimes have to admit defeat". 20th Century Society. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  14. ^ a b Rob Sharp (10 February 2005). "Clash of engineers sparks conflict over Imperial's Southside Halls". Architects' Journal.
  15. ^ a b Dalya Alberge (13 November 2016). "Save our brutalist masterpieces, says top heritage expert". The Guardian.
  16. ^ Historic England. "SMITHDON SCHOOL INCLUDING MAIN BLOCK WATER TOWER WORKSHOPS AND KITCHENS (Grade II*) (1077909)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  17. ^ Historic England. "Nos. 1-12 Scroope Terrace, the 1959 rear extension to no. 1 Scroope Terrace and the railings to the front. (Grade II) (1049092)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  18. ^ Historic England. "Weeks Hall, Imperial College (Grade II) (1263062)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  19. ^ Historic England. "Park Hill (Grade II*) (1246881)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  20. ^ Historic England. "St Johns College, the Beehives (Grade II) (1278860)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  21. ^ Historic England. "CRESCENT HOUSE INCLUDING GROUND FLOOR SHOPS AND SHAKESPEARE PUBLIC HOUSE (Grade II) (1021941)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Brutalism". RIBA. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  23. ^ Historic England. "Falmer House including moat within courtyard (Grade I) (1381044)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  24. ^ Jessica Murray (28 September 2023). "Birmingham council votes to demolish brutalist landmark". The Guardian.
  25. ^ Historic England. "Kingsgate Bridge (Grade I) (1119766)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  26. ^ "St Aidan's College, Durham University: the dining hall". RIBA. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  27. ^ "Durham, Durham University, St Aidan's College". CANMORE National Record of the Historic Environment. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  28. ^ Historic England. "BIRMINGHAM NEW STREET SIGNAL BOX (Grade II) (1117383)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  29. ^ Peter Hetherington (29 January 2000). "Bullish Birmingham baits London with plans for Britain's tallest tower". The Guardian.
  30. ^ Historic England. "Dunelm House including landing stage, steps and attached walls (Grade II) (1477064)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  31. ^ Historic England. "NEW COUNTY HALL INCLUDING TERRACE POOL SURROUNDS AND BRIDGE TO COURTYARD (Grade II) (1323700)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  32. ^ Historic England. "Balfron Tower (Grade II*) (1334931)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  33. ^ Historic England. "Lecture Theatre Block, Brunel University (Grade II) (1400162)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  34. ^ Historic England. "Central buildings Churchill College (Grade II) (1227706)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  35. ^ Historic England. "Norfolk Terrace and attached walkways, at the University of East Anglia (Grade II*) (1390647)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  36. ^ Historic England. "Central Hall, University of York (Grade II) (1456551)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  37. ^ Historic England. "Former Langwith College, University of York (Grade II) (1457043)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  38. ^ Historic England. "Derwent College, University of York (Grade II) (1457040)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  39. ^ Historic England. "Queen Elizabeth Hall, Purcell Room, Hayward Gallery and associated terraces (1456996)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  40. ^ Historic England. "THE GARDEN BUILDING AT ST HILDAS COLLEGE (Grade II) (1379819)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  41. ^ "WYNDHAM COURT INCLUDING RAISED TERRACE AND RAMPS WYNDHAM COURT INCLUDING TERRACES AND RAMPS, Non Civil Parish - 1051043 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  42. ^ Historic England. "Preston Central Bus Station and Car Park (Grade II) (1416042)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  43. ^ a b c Camila Ruz; Maisie Smith-Walters (4 November 2015). "When concrete buildings drive people mad". BBC News Magazine.
  44. ^ Graham Young (23 September 2018). "These are the demolished Birmingham landmarks we've loved and lost". Birmingham Mail.
  45. ^ Historic England. "TRELLICK TOWER CHELTENHAM ESTATE (Grade II*) (1246688)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  46. ^ Historic England. "Blackheath Quaker Meeting House with cobbled area of forecourt (Grade II) (1462016)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  47. ^ Historic England. "Philips Building, School of Oriental and African Studies (Grade II*) (1401342)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  48. ^ Historic England. "Cathedral Church of SS Peter and Paul (Grade II*) (1271209)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  49. ^ Historic England. "BARBICAN (Grade II) (1352667)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  50. ^ Historic England. "Royal National Theatre (Grade II*) (1272324)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  51. ^ Historic England. "INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, CLORE INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED LEGAL STUDIES AND ACCOMMODATION FOR UNIVERSITY COLLEGE (Grade II*) (1246932)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  52. ^ Historic England. "ALEXANDRA ROAD ESTATE INCLUDING WALLS, RAMPS AND STEPS COMMUNITY CENTRE AND BOILER HOUSE TO ALEXANDRA ROAD ESTATE NUMBERS 1-21 (INCLUDING A AND B TO EACH NUMBER) NUMBERS 4-119 (INCLUDING A AND B TO EACH NUMBER ON SOUTH SIDE, AND A-K TO EACH NUMBER ON NORTH SIDE) (Grade II*) (1130403)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

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